The Many Faces of Buddhism

Lights low, the meditation room gives off an aura of peace. After removing their shoes, the students quietly file in. Each stands before a zafu, or meditation cushion, placed on top of a zabuton, or square mat.

Guided by a meditation leader, everyone bows toward the mat and then again, turning 180 degrees clockwise. Sitting cross-legged atop their zafus with the smell of incense around them, the group settle in for a silent session of zazen, or sitting meditation.

The students were participating in the Maymester class “Introduction to Buddhist Literature: Ancient Texts and Contemporary Buddhist Life,” taught by Associate Professor of Religion, and East Asian Languages and Cultures Lori Meeks.

The class was visiting the ZenshÅ«ji Sōtō Mission, a Japanese Sōtō Zen Buddhist temple in Los Angeles’ Little Tokyo district. Prior to the meditation, Rev. ShÅ«myō Kojima gave the group a tour of the temple and spoke about his personal experiences as a Zen priest. 

Meeks’ course introduces students to major works of the Buddhist tradition, presenting classical scriptures while incorporating field trips, independent research and a focus on the relationship between ancient Buddhist literature and contemporary Buddhist life.

“Interspersed with class meetings focused on foundational texts, we went to actual Buddhist communities and tried to learn how they use these texts today,” Meeks said.

Field trips took students to local temples of a variety of Buddhist traditions, including Thai, Vietnamese, Chinese and Japanese. Instead of exams and papers, students were asked to conduct independent, field-based research to familiarize themselves with a Buddhist community. Students chose a particular temple and made at least three visits, interviewing both laypeople and monastics.

Meeks (fourth from left) stands with her class and Rev. Kojima at the Zenshūji Sōtō Mission. Kojima gave the group a tour of the temple and guided them through a sitting meditation.

Rising senior Mara Guevarra enrolled in the class after hearing “so many positive things” about Professor Meeks. The double major in East Asian area studies at USC Dornsife and animation at USC School of Cinematic Arts had some experience studying Buddhism and wanted to learn more.

“I was really interested in the research component of this class, to experience learning about a specific community here in L.A.”

In her major, Guevarra focuses specifically on Korean studies, so she gravitated toward Korean Buddhism. She visited several traditional Korean Buddhist temples before being referred to the Dharma Zen Center, which is oriented toward those who want to study Korean Buddhism and practice meditation but aren’t necessarily Korean. Guevarra fits into this category.

“I wanted to study second-generation Korean Americans, people my age,” Guevarra said. “In the traditional temples there’s a concentrated demographic of first-generation Koreans aged 60+, but at Dharma Zen Center it was a mostly white American community with Korean American teachers. This surprised me — you know they exist, but where are the second-generation Asian American Buddhists?”

Facing a language barrier with the older Korean generation, Guevarra adapted her research focus to Americans who have converted to Buddhism. In her project she explores why they are drawn to the belief system and how Korean Buddhism changes when tailored to a Western perspective. She also considers how the community at Dharma Zen Center aligns with the Korean American community overall.

Rising sophomore Anthony Casadonte, a physics major at USC Dornsife, has always been interested in Buddhism.

“Visiting temples for my research for this class, I’ve participated in zazen several times.”

He has been conducting research at the Zen Center of Los Angeles, comparing its approach to that of Nichiren Buddhism, another tradition which he became familiar with by participating in USC’s Soka Gakkai Buddhist Association group on campus this past spring.

Zen is rooted in personal responsibility and an emphasis on what you can develop in yourself, but Nichiren Buddhism is based on having faith in the tradition’s ability to benefit you through the practice of chanting, he said. This is one distinction between Buddhist sects, an emphasis on self-power versus other power.

“At the Zen Center, it’s a mostly older, Caucasian population. Some people live there, and everyone is very serious about their practice,” Casadonte said. “Ultimately, Zen is a practice more than a philosophy or any type of ideology.”

Sophomore Anthony Casadonte, a physics major, focused his research on the Buddhist community at the Zen Center of Los Angeles.

Sociology major Javorius Allen is a rising senior on the USC football team who was voted the team’s most valuable player after his redshirt sophomore season. He was able to draw connections between Buddhism and his personal passion, playing sports.

“I know a football player in the NFL that is Buddhist, and he applies it to his everyday life,” Allen said. “Buddhists talk about living in the moment and focusing on what’s here and now. I feel like a lot of guys who play football or other sports could use this teaching.”

Allen talked about how players could apply this philosophy to stay focused after making an error or a bad play, helping them return to the moment, not dwelling on what just happened.

“What I really wanted students to take away from the class is an understanding of how diverse the Buddhist tradition is,” Meeks said. “Many Americans imagine Buddhism to be a single, unified tradition. While there are important continuities that link Buddhist communities across time and space, it’s important to recognize the very distinct ways that different groups interpret and practice certain core teachings.

“There is also a longstanding tendency in religious studies to approach a tradition first and foremost through the textual analyses of its scriptures. I wanted my students to study some of the foundational texts of Buddhism, but I also wanted to help them think in a broad way about how different communities use these texts in different ways.

“Different Buddhist traditions commonly draw on or emphasize different texts, for example, or they may interpret the same texts in very distinct ways. Moreover, Buddhist texts are put to a variety of uses: They may be chanted or copied for devotional purposes, and depending on the community, personal study of the scriptures may or may not play an important role in one’s identity as a Buddhist. We miss a lot if we attempt to study Buddhism — or any religious tradition — through textual study alone.”