Gender Disparity in China

Researchers from USC, Peking University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and a team of international partner institutions released on May 30 the first major report from a massive survey of Chinese adults over the age of 45, providing critical insights into the most rapidly aging population in the world.

From the baseline China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data, the report found stark gender differences in how men and women age in the developing world. Across 17,708 individuals from both urban and rural areas — from a nationally representative sample of China, excluding Tibet — the researchers found that older women were much more likely to be in poor health than men.

The report combined extensive socioeconomic data, such as employment, education and consumption, with self-reported and actual measures of physical and psychological health, including blood pressure and cognitive decline — which provides policymakers and researchers with a broad range of data on the real circumstances of people in China as they age.

Adult women fared worse than men both in self-reported measures and actual health. Most strikingly, women were much more likely to have higher levels of depressive symptoms: More than 47 percent of elderly women aged 60 and over and 32 percent of elderly men reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, such as restless sleep or feelings of fear.

Overall, 40 percent of the Chinese population aged 60 and over — or 74 million people — reported higher levels of depressive symptoms.

• Elderly women, defined in this report as those aged 60 and over, also fared much worse than men in other health measures, including:
• More than 27 percent of elderly women reported needing help with basic daily activities, compared to 20 percent of older men.
• Older women were much more likely to report pain: Thirty-nine percent of elderly women reported body pain, compared to 28 percent of men.
• About 24 percent of men aged 60 and over were found to be overweight, compared to 32 percent of elderly women.
• Hypertension affected 59 percent of elderly women and 49 percent of elderly men. According to the CHARLS report, comparing self-reported data on doctor diagnoses to real blood pressure measurements taken by the survey team revealed that hypertension was underdiagnosed by at least 40 percent in China. This means nearly 40 million adults in China have hypertension and don’t know it.
• A gender gap exists in cognitive decline among older people, which has important implications for social relations, victimization, psychological distress and longevity of working life. In a test of word memory, men aged 60 and over were on average able to remember 3.09 words out of 10, compared to only 2.73 words for women.
• Across the life span, women were much less likely than men to be in the workforce, with a significant gender gap in the drop-off as they got older. The report found that in the 50-54 age range, 75 percent of men work, compared to less than 45 percent of women.
• Older women were much more likely than men to live in poverty by Chinese standards. Twenty-four percent of women aged 60 and over had per capita consumption levels that put them below the government’s new poverty line, compared to 21.8 percent of men. Overall, 22.9 percent of Chinese people over the age of 60 — 42.4 million elderly people — live below the poverty line.

Health findings correlate strongly to education, and the survey also found that older women are much more likely to have no schooling than men of the same cohort. Among adult women aged 45 and over, a full 39 percent have no schooling, compared to just 11.8 percent of men.

“Women for a variety of reasons generally report worse health than men, even though adult mortality is lower among women. In addition, the biomarkers are generally worse for women than men. That’s borne out here and not specific to China,” said John Strauss, principal investigator of CHARLS and a professor of economics in USC Dornsife.

“The fact that women are consistently worse off than men across multiple dimensions of well-being is a striking finding of the CHARLS survey that definitely merits further investigation,” said Albert Park of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a principal author of the report. “While it is true that elderly women in many countries are in poorer health than men, some of the gender gaps we find in China are quite large, such as those for depressive symptoms and cognitive function.”

Park continued: “Some of these differences may be associated with the much higher rate of illiteracy among elderly women in China, which is known to lead to poorer health and lower socioeconomic status. But the high incidence of depressive symptoms and suicides among women in China suggests that other social factors may be important as well.”

Individuals in CHARLS will be followed up every two years, allowing researchers to track whether these gender differences remain the same or change in the next decade as China continues to develop.

In recent years, responding to a rapidly aging population, the Chinese government has made significant strides in strengthening its social safety-net programs for older adults, including expanding public pension and health insurance.

But the survey found that, in this rapidly developing country, family support still plays a significant role in the well-being of the elderly, and out-of-pocket costs for medical treatment remain very high.

Under the most common health insurance program — the rural-based New Cooperative Medical Insurance program — Chinese adults aged 45 and older who went for inpatient care spent 39.7 percent of their total yearly expenditures on such care, at the median. More than one-in-three adults who had inpatient care spent more than 50 percent of their per capita expenditures on this medical care.

While only 37.8 percent of the elderly aged 60 and older reported living with adult children, the vast majority of elderly reported having at least one child living in the same city or county, if not in the same immediate neighborhood. Fewer than half of elderly (46.9 percent) received financial assistance from adult children with whom they do not live, mirroring the direction of giving in most developing countries where, due to rapid growth, younger people earn more than their parents. Only 19 percent of elderly gave financial assistance to children with whom they do not live, the more common pattern in Western countries such as the United States.

The second wave of data collection for CHARLS goes into the field this summer, with a team of more than 400 people trained at Peking University by CHARLS researchers.

Strauss, Yaohui Zhao of the National School of Development of Peking University and Gonghuan Yang of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College are the principal investigators of CHARLS.

Strauss; Zhao; Yang; Park; John Giles of the World Bank; Shangyi Mao of Xiamen University; Eileen Crimmins of the USC Davis School of Gerontology; Perry Hu of the University of California, Los Angeles; Yisong Hu and Yafeng Wang of the Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University; Xiaoyan Lei and Yan Shen of the National School of Development, Peking University; Xinzheng Shi of Tsinghua University; James Smith of Rand Corp.; Xiaoyu Wu of the Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing; and Xiangjun Yin of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention are members of the CHARLS research team who authored the national report.

The national report and baseline CHARLS data and documentation are publicly available. The research is supported by the National Institute of Aging, the China Natural Science Foundation, the World Bank and Peking University.