Purity: It both unites us and keeps us apart

Purity is the moral foundation that drives people apart — and a glue that keeps them together, a new study shows.

The study, led by USC Dornsife researchers, combined computer science, moral psychology and sociology of networks research techniques to determine how five basic moral concerns — care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion and purity/degradation — may widen or narrow the social distance between people.

“We started by observing relationships on Twitter and by looking at distance between people, who they follow on Twitter and the type of rhetoric that they use,” said Morteza Dehghani, lead author and an assistant professor of psychology and computer science. “We found that the rhetoric related to the moral concern of purity, out of all the moral values, was the best predictor of distance between two people.”

Morteza Dehghani, lead author and an assistant professor of psychology and computer science.

The researchers believe the study, published this month in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, is one of the first investigations combining big-data social network analyses with more traditional behavioral experiments.

Co-author Jesse Graham, assistant professor of psychology, said that purity is a value that can dramatically divide people based on their political and religious convictions.

“Concerns about purity could have to do with physical purity, like disgust or cleansing, but also a kind of spiritual purity — things like treating the body like a temple instead of a playground, resisting our lower carnal desires in favor of a higher, divine nature,” Graham said. “It has a spiritual-moral dimension to it, but it’s not necessarily explicitly religious.”

“We already knew that people were socially divided,” added Graham, who developed Moral Foundations Theory with New York University’s Jonathan Haidt. “We were trying to figure out which factors divide us.”

To conduct this examination of “homophily” — love of the same — the researchers tested their theory in three ways, including one study that involved a computer analysis of more than 731,000 tweets about the 2013 U.S. government shutdown.

Twitter study
The scientists analyzed tweets about the shutdown from Oct. 1 to Oct. 24, 2013, almost a week after the shutdown ended. Within the Twitter data, they mapped the social networks of nearly 190,000 users.

The research team used network analysis to determine the social distance between every single user in the Twitter sample and computational text analysis to accurately measure all of the different moral concerns that Twitter users expressed.

Jesse Graham, assistant professor of psychology. Photos by Peter Zhaoyu Zhou.

The degree to which people expressed moral purity concerns could predict how close they were to each other on the Twitter social network. This affected whether they were direct followers or stayed away from each other — and each other’s friends.

Surprisingly, this wasn’t just a matter of politics. The researchers found that when they broke the Twitter social network into two distinct political clusters, purity predicted social distance within the liberal and conservative clusters.

The second study — close or distant?

In this behavioral experiment, 235 participants were asked to rate the morality or immorality of behaviors in a series of scenarios. Graham said the questions asked participants to rate, for example, the immorality of kicking a dog.

After completing those scenarios, participants were told that their scores closely matched another person’s scores on four of the five moral domains. The participants were then asked to rate how near they would sit next to this person on a bench. They also were asked to rate their willingness to let a person into their communities on a scale from 1, “I would let that person marry into my family” to 6, “I would exclude that person from my country.”

Participants were randomly assigned to hear that another person scored similarly to them except on the issue of one of the five moral concerns (care, fairness, loyalty, authority, purity). Those in the purity condition reported wanting to keep more physical and social distance from that person than in any other condition.

Third study like the second, but with a twist

The researchers followed similar steps to the second study but with 557 new participants. The participants rated the morality of several scenarios and then were told that they were very similar to a potential partner in one moral domain but dissimilar in other domains.

As with the previous studies, purity was the big mover. Those in the purity similarity condition wanted to be closer to the other person than those in the other condition. Again, the researchers found this effect was not attributable to ideology, religiosity, severity or frequency of the scenarios.

“This could have potential implications for understanding political migrations, both in online social networks and in real life,” Dehghani said.

Dehghani and Graham said they plan to continue studying questions about moral values in the context of social media.

The study was funded by a Young Investigator Fellowship and by a National Science Foundation Interdisciplinary Behavioral and Social Sciences grant.

Other co-authors on the study were Ph.D. students Kate Johnson and Joe Hoover of USC Dornsife, Justin Garten of USC Viterbi School of Engineering, and Niki Jitendra Parma; Rumen Iliev of University of Michigan; Eyal Sagi of Northwestern University; and Stephen Vaisey of Duke University.