{"id":764,"date":"2023-02-07T13:27:12","date_gmt":"2023-02-07T21:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/?page_id=764"},"modified":"2025-03-07T21:59:47","modified_gmt":"2025-03-08T05:59:47","slug":"roman-period-bullae-seal-impressions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/roman-period-bullae-seal-impressions\/","title":{"rendered":"Roman Period Bullae (Seal Impressions)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n                                                \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--photo-wall \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--photo-wall\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      <div class=\"heading-container\">\n      \n                  \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  <p>Ancient seals contained carved images and sometimes words that would leave a mirror impression when stamped onto a soft surface, usually wet clay. The seals were used to &#8220;sign&#8221; documents with the unique seal of an individual such as the seller. They can be compared to a notarized signature today. The impression gave visual proof of the genuineness of the object.<\/p>\n<p>Papyrus documents were often rolled and folded, after which string was tied around them, and seal impressions stamped at various points on the string. The impressions could also be used to prove no one had tried to open the document since it had left the hand of those who had made a will, contract, financial agreement, decree, or receipt for goods.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Stamped onto a person\u2019s possessions, a seal impression could identify ownership of the object. They were also used in business to protect closed containers from tampering or theft or to seal storerooms full of grain to show if the room had been broken into or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"photos-container\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"grid-sizer\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"gutter-sizer\"><\/div>\n\n      \n                                                                                          \n                <div class=\"photo\">\n\n            \n                \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/01\/BS_USCTROJAN_O2_Ed-540x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n                          <a href=\"#photo-1163612054\" class=\"photo-trigger\" aria-label=\"Expand to view image and text\">\n                <svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 35\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 35 35\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill=\"#000000\" d=\"M28,7v7.9h-2.6l0-3.4l-4.3,4.3c-0.3,0.3-0.6,0.4-0.9,0.4s-0.7-0.1-0.9-0.4c-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.3,0-1.9l4.3-4.3h-3.4V7H28z M7,28v-7.9h2.6v3.4l4.3-4.3c0.5-0.5,1.3-0.5,1.9,0c0.5,0.5,0.5,1.3,0,1.9l-4.3,4.3h3.4V28H7z\"\/><\/svg>\n              <\/a>\n                      <\/div>\n                <div class=\"photo\">\n\n            \n                \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCGDSS1_O_Td-540x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n                          <a href=\"#photo-1380645556\" class=\"photo-trigger\" aria-label=\"Expand to view image and text\">\n                <svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 35\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 35 35\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill=\"#000000\" d=\"M28,7v7.9h-2.6l0-3.4l-4.3,4.3c-0.3,0.3-0.6,0.4-0.9,0.4s-0.7-0.1-0.9-0.4c-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.3,0-1.9l4.3-4.3h-3.4V7H28z M7,28v-7.9h2.6v3.4l4.3-4.3c0.5-0.5,1.3-0.5,1.9,0c0.5,0.5,0.5,1.3,0,1.9l-4.3,4.3h3.4V28H7z\"\/><\/svg>\n              <\/a>\n                      <\/div>\n                <div class=\"photo\">\n\n            \n                \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCANIM_O_Td-540x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n                          <a href=\"#photo-1800964993\" class=\"photo-trigger\" aria-label=\"Expand to view image and text\">\n                <svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 35\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 35 35\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill=\"#000000\" d=\"M28,7v7.9h-2.6l0-3.4l-4.3,4.3c-0.3,0.3-0.6,0.4-0.9,0.4s-0.7-0.1-0.9-0.4c-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.3,0-1.9l4.3-4.3h-3.4V7H28z M7,28v-7.9h2.6v3.4l4.3-4.3c0.5-0.5,1.3-0.5,1.9,0c0.5,0.5,0.5,1.3,0,1.9l-4.3,4.3h3.4V28H7z\"\/><\/svg>\n              <\/a>\n                      <\/div>\n                <div class=\"photo\">\n\n            \n                \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCJANUS_O2_Td-540x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n                          <a href=\"#photo-1401641936\" class=\"photo-trigger\" aria-label=\"Expand to view image and text\">\n                <svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 35\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 35 35\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill=\"#000000\" d=\"M28,7v7.9h-2.6l0-3.4l-4.3,4.3c-0.3,0.3-0.6,0.4-0.9,0.4s-0.7-0.1-0.9-0.4c-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.3,0-1.9l4.3-4.3h-3.4V7H28z M7,28v-7.9h2.6v3.4l4.3-4.3c0.5-0.5,1.3-0.5,1.9,0c0.5,0.5,0.5,1.3,0,1.9l-4.3,4.3h3.4V28H7z\"\/><\/svg>\n              <\/a>\n                      <\/div>\n                <div class=\"photo\">\n\n            \n                \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCJANUS_O1_Td-540x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n                          <a href=\"#photo-1816207265\" class=\"photo-trigger\" aria-label=\"Expand to view image and text\">\n                <svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 35\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 35 35\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill=\"#000000\" d=\"M28,7v7.9h-2.6l0-3.4l-4.3,4.3c-0.3,0.3-0.6,0.4-0.9,0.4s-0.7-0.1-0.9-0.4c-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.3,0-1.9l4.3-4.3h-3.4V7H28z M7,28v-7.9h2.6v3.4l4.3-4.3c0.5-0.5,1.3-0.5,1.9,0c0.5,0.5,0.5,1.3,0,1.9l-4.3,4.3h3.4V28H7z\"\/><\/svg>\n              <\/a>\n                      <\/div>\n                <div class=\"photo\">\n\n            \n                \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCSTAND_O1_Td-540x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n                          <a href=\"#photo-379127795\" class=\"photo-trigger\" aria-label=\"Expand to view image and text\">\n                <svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 35\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 35 35\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" fill=\"#000000\" d=\"M28,7v7.9h-2.6l0-3.4l-4.3,4.3c-0.3,0.3-0.6,0.4-0.9,0.4s-0.7-0.1-0.9-0.4c-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.3,0-1.9l4.3-4.3h-3.4V7H28z M7,28v-7.9h2.6v3.4l4.3-4.3c0.5-0.5,1.3-0.5,1.9,0c0.5,0.5,0.5,1.3,0,1.9l-4.3,4.3h3.4V28H7z\"\/><\/svg>\n              <\/a>\n                      <\/div>\n      \n      <\/div>\n\n            <div id=\"photo-1163612054\" class=\"photo-lightbox lity-hide\">\n        <div class=\"text-container\">\n                      <h3>Profile with &#8220;Trojan&#8221; Headdress<\/h3>\n          \n          \n                  <\/div>\n\n        \n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/01\/BS_USCTROJAN_O2_Ed-1080x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n                <div id=\"photo-1380645556\" class=\"photo-lightbox lity-hide\">\n        <div class=\"text-container\">\n                      <h3>Bulla with Profile of a Woman&#8211;City Goddess?<\/h3>\n          \n          \n                  <\/div>\n\n        \n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCGDSS1_O_Td-1080x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n                <div id=\"photo-1800964993\" class=\"photo-lightbox lity-hide\">\n        <div class=\"text-container\">\n                      <h3>Inscribed Bulla with &#8220;Griffin&#8221;<\/h3>\n          \n          \n                  <\/div>\n\n        \n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCANIM_O_Td-1080x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n                <div id=\"photo-1401641936\" class=\"photo-lightbox lity-hide\">\n        <div class=\"text-container\">\n                      <h3>Bulla with &#8220;Janus&#8221; Head, View #1<\/h3>\n          \n          \n                  <\/div>\n\n        \n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCJANUS_O2_Td-1080x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n                <div id=\"photo-1816207265\" class=\"photo-lightbox lity-hide\">\n        <div class=\"text-container\">\n                      <h3>Bulla with &#8220;Janus&#8221; Head, View #2<\/h3>\n          \n          \n                  <\/div>\n\n        \n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCJANUS_O1_Td-1080x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n                <div id=\"photo-379127795\" class=\"photo-lightbox lity-hide\">\n        <div class=\"text-container\">\n                      <h3>Bulla with Figure of Woman<\/h3>\n          \n          \n                  <\/div>\n\n        \n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img decoding=\"async\"\n                            src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/155\/2023\/02\/BS_USCSTAND_O1_Td-1080x0-c-default.jpg\"\n                    \n        \n                  alt=\"Small piece of clay with design impressed into it, illustration.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n      \n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--link-list \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--link-list\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      <div class=\"header-container\">\n\n                  \n<div class=\"f--field f--section-title\">\n\n    \n  <h2>\n          Inscriptions and Artifacts in the USC Archaeology Research Center\n      <\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n                        \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  <div id=\"content\" class=\"content\">\n<div class=\"article-list\">\n<div class=\"article cf\">\n<div class=\"html-content\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/coins-in-the-usc-archaeological-research-collection\/\">Coins<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Caesar Vespasian and Alexander III Coins.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/roman-period-bullae-seal-impressions\/\">Bullae<\/a>\u00a0 Roman Period Bullae (Seal Impressions).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/arclab\/\">USC Archaeology Research Center Web Site<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"contact-panel\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sidebar\" class=\"sidebar\">\n<ul id=\"side-nav\" class=\"side-nav\">\n<li class=\"expanded\" style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n  \n  \n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--link-list \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--link-list\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      <div class=\"header-container\">\n\n                  \n<div class=\"f--field f--section-title\">\n\n    \n  <h2>\n          Article Categories\n      <\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n                        \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  <p><a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wsrp\/non-biblical-ancient-texts-relating-to-the-biblical-world\/\">Non-Biblical Ancient Texts Relating to the Biblical 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