{"id":4538,"date":"2025-08-12T19:07:38","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T19:07:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/?p=4538"},"modified":"2025-12-01T23:02:40","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T23:02:40","slug":"kelp-restoration-with-applied-microbiology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/2025\/08\/12\/kelp-restoration-with-applied-microbiology\/","title":{"rendered":"The Giant and the Bug: Kelp Restoration with Applied Microbiology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_Bernie_20250610.JPG-4-2-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_Bernie_20250610.JPG-4-2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_Bernie_20250610.JPG-4-2-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_Bernie_20250610.JPG-4-2-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  role=\"none\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  <p>2025 Wrigley Institute Graduate Fellow Bernadeth Tolentino, a PhD student in the USC Dornsife Department of Biological Sciences, studies how well giant kelp can survive different temperatures when it\u2019s introduced to certain helpful bacteria (Anya Jim\u00e9nez\/USC Wrigley Institute). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>The Giant and the Bug: Kelp Restoration with Applied Microbiology<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n    \n          <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span>Bernadeth Tolentino<\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">August 12, 2025<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n   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-9)\"\/><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n            <span class=\"a2a_label visually-hidden\">Email<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                  <\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n \n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <h3><b>A New Friend<\/b><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"216\">\u201cWhat do you do for a living?\u201d a woman asked, sitting across from me at a local bar.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"311\">\u201cI\u2019m a marine biologist,\u201d I replied, watching her apathetic expression transform into wonder.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"456\">Her reaction was a familiar one. \u201cMarine biologist\u201d is often an answer children give when you ask them what they want to be when they grow up.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"634\">\u201cHow does one become a marine biologist? What does a day in a marine biologist\u2019s life look like? Do you swim with dolphins?\u201d she asked, not pausing long enough for me to reply.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"812\">I laughed and explained that, unfortunately, dolphins don\u2019t exactly enjoy being around humans. Then I spent the rest of the night explaining my career to this perfect stranger.<\/p>\n<h3><b>How to Become a Marine Biologist<\/b><\/h3>\n<div class=\"video-embed\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What being a marine biologist looks like!\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/A1Lsprpphvo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now you, the reader, might be wondering the same thing. How <em>does<\/em> one become a marine biologist? <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I can tell you that there is no single path to get here. <\/span><b>The only thing that matters is you have to <\/b><b><i>really <\/i><\/b><b>want it.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As for my own journey, I didn&#8217;t know what I wanted to pursue until my mid-20&#8217;s! I was in a pre-med program but never felt passionate about the career. I worked in a cancer lab, Starbucks, retail, and restaurants. I even had a brief stint as a medical assistant at a gastroenterology practice.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In short, I had no clue what I wanted to do with my future. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All I knew at the time was that I wanted to help people, and that I enjoyed science and discovery. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I eventually joined a lab working with blind Mexican cavefish. There, I generated the very first cavefish<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transgenic lines in existence. (<em>Transgenic<\/em> means that DNA from one organism has been introduced into another, unrelated organism.) This accomplishment enthralled me; it was the first step on my path to become a scientist. Then out of the blue, <\/span><b>I asked a question that steered me toward the field of marine biology&#8230;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>Where are the biofuels?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One day while sitting in traffic, I noticed something: dark plumes of exhaust puffing out of vehicle tailpipes alongside lanes and lanes of traffic, stretching far into the horizon. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have you ever thought about the finite nature of fossil fuels such as gasoline? I have&#8211;and I certainly did in that moment. The more I thought about it, the more dumfounded I became. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why haven&#8217;t we tackled this problem yet? Are we going to sit and wait as societal collapse inches closer and closer by the day? What about the transition to more sustainable options such as biofuels, which are produced from renewable biological sources? There must be some sort of crop we could grow to use for energy&#8230; <em>right<\/em>?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These questions swam around in my mind until I decided <\/span>I needed to figure out a way to get involved in making a change.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>My Way or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/15564890701628612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the <\/a><\/b><b>Kelp Highway<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I searched for marine biology Ph.D. programs that could help with this issue and landed on <strong>giant kelp<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why giant kelp, you ask? <\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is one of the fastest-growing organisms on earth, with a growth rate of up to 2 feet per day. That means plenty of fast-growing biomass for biofuel material. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giant kelp cultivation doesn&#8217;t need fertilizer or water; you can simply grow it in the ocean and harvest when necessary. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Giant kelp captures millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide as it grows. Carbon sequestration at this scale can help reduce the effects of climate change on our planet.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With these characteristics, I believed that giant kelp was a fine contender as a biofuel source. However<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, this grand vision started to fade after I started my Ph.D. The more I learned about giant kelp, the more it became clear that widespread use of it as a biofuel was many years away from coming to fruition.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>A Kelpless Planet<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After sifting through years of publications about giant kelp, I began to grasp the dire status of kelp forests. With predatory otter populations reduced, purple sea urchins have consumed entire forests down to the bare substrate. High ocean temperatures have devastated kelp populations and still prevent them from recovering. And coastal development and urban runoff have destroyed coastline habitats. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The extinction of kelp forests can also cause events that intensify the effects of environmental change, like dominoes falling in a line. Without kelp, the ocean has less oxygen and more acidity, which in turn is harmful for other marine organisms. Kelp forests are also a nursery habitat, meaning that they provide food and cover for juvenile fish and other species. No kelp means fewer juveniles surviving to adulthood.\u00a0Once I learned these facts, my research focus shifted from biofuel production to giant kelp conservation and restoration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, many scientists before have had this same <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35255531\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">realization<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Kelp restoration actually began in the 1700s in Japan. The four main techniques involve transplantation, seeding, grazer control, and artificial reefs. Unfortunately, each of these methods have inherent limitations, including financial restrictions and scalability. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These restoration techniques have not fundamentally changed since the 20th century, so it&#8217;s <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">now time to reconsider these traditional methods. <\/span><b>We need to explore alternative and more sustainable ways to restore kelp forests.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>You Reap What You Sow<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Did you know that kelp produces &#8220;seeds&#8221;? Its reproductive tissue releases spores, which develop into gametophytes\u2013structures comparable to seeds from plants. This unique trait makes it possible to create and maintain kelp seed banks, which can reduce reliance on wild kelp sampling and help preserve native biodiversity. By storing gametophytes, seed banking is making restoration techniques more sustainable and useful in today&#8217;s ecological environment. It&#8217;s important to note, however, that the long-term effects of kelp gametophyte storage are still not fully understood.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4552\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4552\" style=\"width: 864px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4552\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"864\" height=\"1034\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-1-1.jpg 864w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-1-1-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-1-1-856x1024.jpg 856w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-1-1-768x919.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The reproductive cycle of giant kelp, from adult to gametophytes. Figure modified from Osborne et. al., 2024.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4553\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4553\" style=\"width: 856px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4553 \" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"856\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-2-1.jpg 840w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-2-1-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-2-1-768x430.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gametophytes in a kelp seed bank. Top: Gametophytes are kept in red light so that they don&#8217;t grow. Bottom: Gametophytes in culture tubes, as seen from underneath (Courtesy of Bernadeth Tolentino).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>A Microscopic Problem<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">My <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/nlab\/\">lab<\/a> at USC, led by Professor of Biological Sciences Sergey Nuzhdin, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hosts a seed bank of gametophytes from along the California coast. When I first joined, these samples had been in storage for five years. One of the first tasks I attempted was breeding these gametophytes, and I quickly learned that this wasn&#8217;t easy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I found that these gametophytes had lower fecundity\u2013or reproductive capability\u2013than fresh samples.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> One possible cause: microbes. Over the past five years, the microbial community living on these kelp samples had shifted, becoming less diverse and dominated by a single species. Because microbes play a vital role in maintaining gametophyte health and quality, these microbial changes carry serious implications for reproduction. We need further research to figure out optimal processes for seed-based restoration, including how to reintroduce the missing microbes. This is the research I&#8217;m now focused on.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4557\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4557\" style=\"width: 1286px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4557\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-3-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1286\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-3-1.jpg 1286w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-3-1-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-3-1-1024x433.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-3-1-768x325.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1286px) 100vw, 1286px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swabs from kelp gametophytes (left) and wild kelp (center) show differences in microbial diversity. The right petri dish holds reference samples of various bacterial species.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4558\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4558\" style=\"width: 1286px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4558 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1286\" height=\"1232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-4.jpg 1286w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-4-300x287.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-4-1024x981.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/Figure-4-768x736.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1286px) 100vw, 1286px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relative abundance of bacteria before (left graph) and after (right graph) 5 years of gametophyte storage. The current predominant genus is <em>pseudomonas<\/em>. (Tolentino, B., Kovalev, M., Silva, S., Nuzhdin, S. 2025. Blue Inoculants [Poster presentation]. International Seaweed Symposium, Victoria, Canada.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>A Day in the Life<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that you&#8217;re all caught up, let me tell you about a typical day in my life as a researcher. First, I embark for the <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/research\/wrigley-marine-science-center-wmsc\/\">Wrigley Marine Science Center (WMSC)<\/a> on Catalina Island. I chose to base our research here because the area around WMSC has minimal human activity. According to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27895628\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">peer-reviewed literature<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, less human activity means less harmful bacteria. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once my team arrives, we gear up and jump into the crisp, crystal-clear turquoise ocean to begin our scientific dive. We collect giant kelp blades at various depths and locations. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">W<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e then bring these samples to an onsite laboratory at WMSC for processing. We rinse the blades with sterilized seawater, swab, and incubate the microbes on petri dishes. In a couple of days, we have a collection of kelp-associated bacteria to work with. Once I know the identity of these bacteria and their growth rates, I use them as<strong> kelp inoculants<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Inocu-what?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;Inoculant&#8221; is just a fancy word for something you introduce to another organism. Remember when I mentioned earlier that long-term stored seeds were losing microbiome diversity? I want to see what happens if I take some &#8220;bugs&#8221; (what some microbiologists call bacteria) from the environment and introduce them back to our seeds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We already do this with agricultural crops! For example, farmers often <em>inoculate<\/em> soil <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with special bacteria that enhance crop yield and growth. <strong>My theory: the addition of certain bacteria to giant kelp gametophytes will improve viability.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4623\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4623\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4623\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2-900x600.jpg 900w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/116\/2025\/08\/USC_WIES_ENST_483_Lab_20250606_-11-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4623\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tolentino spends much of her summer based at the Wrigley Marine Science Center on Catalina Island. In the lab, she&#8217;s either conducting her own research or assisting in teaching ENST 483L: Coastal Zone Sustainability, an undergraduate course about ecosystem management offered through the Wrigley Institute&#8217;s Maymester Program (Anya Jim\u00e9nez\/USC Wrigley Institute).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Let&#8217;s Talk About Kelp, Baby!<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thanks to the Wrigley Institute Graduate Fellowship, I can test this theory. Generous support from the Bertics Fellowship Fund has provided opportunities that wouldn&#8217;t have been possible otherwise. I get to work on Catalina Island, mentor an undergraduate researcher, and purchase critical lab supplies. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So far, we have sequenced <\/span><b>24 different species of bacteria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from Chalk Cove and Descanso Beach on Catalina Island. Soon, we will be ready to do the following steps:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inoculate our gametophytes with these bacteria<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Monitor our samples over two weeks, focusing on the change in gametophyte size<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use a special imaging system at Children&#8217;s Hospital L.A. to measure chlorophyll fluorescence, a way of determining gametophyte growth rate and health<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Send the best-performing samples for metagenomic sequencing (metagenomic = a type of genetic analysis that covers all microbial species present). This will allow us to quantify how much each kelp sample&#8217;s microbial community has changed since inoculation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conduct a breeding experiment. This will show if the addition of bacteria increases the likelihood of kelp reproduction!<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>It&#8217;s Getting Hot in Here<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let&#8217;s say this works exactly as planned. It would mean that our laboratory-maintained kelp seeds can now breed with a higher chance of success. However, this process alone won&#8217;t solve our restoration problem. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There&#8217;s no guarantee of survival post-transplantation. <\/span><strong>With oceans warming at an alarming rate, what if all this hard work still ends with the kelp dying because of rising temperatures?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s why we\u2019re also running heat-stress tests at the same time. Gametophyte seeds thrive at around 13\u00b0C\/55\u00b0F, but using the same parameters, we\u2019re testing our process on a group kept at a scorching 25\u00b0C\/77\u00b0F. At this temperature, we\u2019ve observed gametophyte health decline significantly. If even one of our bacteria can help alleviate the effects of heat stress, it would be an incredible breakthrough.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>In the End&#8230;<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is just the beginning of transformative research like this. Results from this project can only answer a few questions about restoration. As many scientists say\u2013albeit redundantly\u2013<\/span><strong>further research IS needed. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I am grateful to be a Wrigley Graduate Fellow, especially during times like these. I have had the opportunity to interact and work with remarkable peers in my cohort. I take pride in working with and inspiring bright young researchers. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And most importantly, being a Wrigley Institute Fellow has allowed me to reach YOU! If you\u2019ve read this far, it&#8217;s safe to assume that you now care a little bit more about our kelp forests. I hope I&#8217;ve sparked your curiosity in marine biology because<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> you, too, can make a difference in marine science. <strong>Simply talking about giant kelp can shift peoples&#8217; perspectives about marine biology<\/strong>. Perhaps you&#8217;ll inspire someone to pursue a career in this field. All it takes is one question to change the world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, my new friend, to restate my point: no, I don&#8217;t swim with dolphins (nor do I want to). But I am trying to save a Giant with a Bug.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i>Learn more about Bernadeth&#8217;s research journey: <\/i><\/p>\n<div class=\"video-embed\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Beneath the Surface: Saving our Oceans, One Kelp Forest at a Time\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Abh0ZRb0TDw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><i>Bernadeth Tolentino is supported by the Victoria J. Bertics Graduate Fellowship Fund.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":617,"featured_media":4617,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[13,12],"class_list":["post-4538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-fellowship","tag-graduate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Giant and the Bug: Kelp Restoration with Applied Microbiology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/wrigley\/2025\/08\/12\/kelp-restoration-with-applied-microbiology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Giant and the Bug: Kelp Restoration with Applied Microbiology - 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