{"id":8815,"date":"2024-05-28T16:10:57","date_gmt":"2024-05-28T16:10:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/uscseagrant\/?p=8815"},"modified":"2024-05-28T16:18:15","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T16:18:15","slug":"a-ticking-toxic-time-bomb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/uscseagrant\/2024\/05\/28\/a-ticking-toxic-time-bomb\/","title":{"rendered":"A Ticking Toxic Time Bomb"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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A Ticking Toxic Time Bomb<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n \n
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\n\n \n New study sheds light on how a coastal, microscopic creature may become deadlier in our changing climate\n\n\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n By<\/span>Charlotte Stevenson, Senior Science Writer, USC Sea Grant<\/strong>\n \n May 28, 2024<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Between 2014 and 2015, a \u201c<\/span>blob<\/span><\/a>\u201d of record-breaking warm water traversed the west coast of the U.S., gaining <\/span>media attention<\/span><\/a> as the warm temperatures wreaked havoc on the bottom of the food chain, causing fisheries like sockeye, pink, and coho salmon to collapse and thousands of sea lions and sea birds to starve. However, amid this devastation, one microscopic creature thrived or \u201cbloomed\u201d\u2014a neurotoxin-producing diatom called <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia\u2014<\/span><\/i>causing devastating multi-million dollar losses for many West Coast commercial and tribal crab and shellfish fisheries that had to shut down due to the risk of toxin-contaminated seafood. The toxin produced by <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia,<\/span><\/i> domoic acid, can cause <\/span>amnesic shellfish poisoning<\/span><\/a> in humans, with symptoms like <\/span>vomiting, diarrhea, headache, loss of short-term memory, motor weakness, seizures, and irregular heart rhythms.<\/span>
\n 
\nBeyond the clear ecological and economic devastation, this 2015 blob-associated harmful algal bloom also left the scientific community in shock. The prevailing understanding was that toxic Pseudo-nitzschia <\/span><\/i>blooms were associated with nutrient-rich, cold-water pulses of water seasonally brought up or \u201cupwelled\u201d from the depths along the Pacific west coast. With the massive hot blob of water hovering over the coastline in 2015, there was little to no upwelling.\u00a0 So how did a toxic bloom occur during this massive heatwave? <\/span><\/p>\n

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Left: Dr. Kyla Kelly\u2019s figure combining, on the left, a map of the 2015 marine heatwave courtesy of Jones et al, 2020, and on the right: coastal upwelling courtesy of MBARI.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This mystery was irresistible to Dr. Kyla Kelly, who at the time was a University of Southern California (USC) Sea Grant-funded doctoral candidate studying harmful algal bloom formation and toxicity in a changing climate in the lab of Professor David Hutchins at USC. Kyla immediately realized that the answer to this mystery would not be a simple cause-and-effect solution. The scientific literature was already filled with research on Pseudo-nitzschia<\/span><\/i> focusing on single factors, such as how temperature alone affects the diatom. \u201c<\/span>Given that climate change will alter more than just temperature<\/span>,\u201d said Kyla, \u201c<\/span>I knew we had to look at how combinations of factors would impact <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/span><\/i> blooms<\/span>.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>
\n 
\nHarmful algal blooms (HABs) are not a new phenomenon, but they have gained considerable attention in recent years as their size, duration, and toxicity have increased. Multiple species of phytoplankton (i.e. microscopic photosynthesizing algae) can form a bloom, which is simply a rapid population expansion, often on the order of days, that sometimes is visible in the form of a \u201cred tide\u201d or glowing waves in the dark.
\n 
\nNot all algal blooms are toxic, though. Only some, like Pseudo-nitzschia,<\/span><\/i> produce toxins.<\/span> Even then, it is complicated. Of the 58 known species of <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia, <\/span><\/i>only <\/span>about half produce toxins, but scientists still don\u2019t understand exactly when and why. Moreover, even the species that do not produce toxins can cause ecological and economic damage by rapidly using up vast amounts of oxygen in the surface waters of the ocean, sometimes causing massive fish kills.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bioluminescent waves during a red tide event in San Diego County, April 2020. (Photo credit: Nick Sadrpour)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Through intricate experiments using multiple variables, Kyla\u2019s dissertation research, which was just published in 2023 in the journal of <\/span>Harmful Algae<\/span><\/i><\/a>,<\/span><\/i> tested multiple variables simulating both marine heatwave and cold-upwelling conditions for <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/span><\/i> in a laboratory setting. \u201c<\/span>Blooms now have been associated with both extremes, each with completely different conditions<\/span>,\u201d said Kyla, \u201c<\/span>so we had to figure out the mechanisms for both<\/span>.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>
\n 
\nKyla\u2019s intricate experiments balancing many cultures of Pseudo-nitzschia<\/span><\/i> with various tweaks in temperature, nutrients, and carbon dioxide eventually illuminated the importance of nitrogen in triggering this diatom\u2019s killer side, especially in warmer temperatures. Extreme heat (22<\/span>o <\/span>C)\u2014even beyond what was measured during the 2015 \u201cblob\u201d\u2014inhibited the ability of the diatom to bloom, but \u201cnormal heatwave\u201d temperature (19<\/span>o<\/span> C) allowed the diatom to bloom, although with minimal toxic domoic acid production. However, when Dr. Kelly added nitrogen to the heatwave conditions, she was able to reproduce the massive toxic bloom that plagued the west coast in 2015.\u00a0<\/span>
\n 
\nIn marine heatwave conditions, there are virtually no nutrients being upwelled from the deep cold waters off the coast. So how did the Pseudo-nitzschia <\/span><\/i>suddenly get that final missing ingredient of nitrogen to flip to the dark side and begin sending domoic acid up the food chain? <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Kyla and other scientists now believe there was some nutrient input from upwelling along the coastal edge of the blob, just enough to ignite the <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia <\/span><\/i>ticking time bomb.\u00a0<\/span>
\n 
\nHowever, now aware of what a little dash of nitrogen could do in a warm coastal ocean, Kyla and her fellow researchers are concerned about potential anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen from land-based sources, which can happen year-round in the form of agricultural, stormwater, or wastewater run-off. \u201cThis is why it is important to set regulations for how much nitrogen we are dumping in the water<\/span>,\u201d said Kyla. Work like Dr. Kelly\u2019s illuminates the importance of local, regional, and state priorities to minimize nitrogen run-off from land.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kyla Kelly collecting Pseudo-nitzschia samples in the Santa Barbara Channel during a bloom even in 2022. (Photo credit: Santa Barbara Channel Keepers)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Understanding what factors\u2014or combination of factors\u2014can trigger a massive toxic bloom could give scientists and fishery managers better predictive abilities to warn commercial fisheries and tribes to harvest early before a toxic bloom occurs, saving millions of dollars. It also could help managers and rescue agencies prepare for impacts on marine mammals, such as mass strandings or aggressive behavior.
\n 
\nHarmful algal bloom expert, Dr. Vera Trainer, who is the University of Washington\u2019s Marine Program Director and Research Scientist at the Olympic Natural Resources Center, says that Kyla\u2019s work \u201c<\/span>brings to light the environmental controls on toxicity for one of the most harmful phytoplankton species on the US west coast, which causes millions of dollars of damage to the Dungeness crab and other fisheries\u2014her research will enhance the predictability of harmful <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/span><\/i> blooms to preserve these shellfish harvest opportunities.<\/span>\u201d Before her position at the University of Washington, Dr. Trainer <\/span>was at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) Northwest Fisheries Science Center working to develop a regional prediction or warning system for harmful algal blooms.<\/span>
\n 
\nBeyond Kyla\u2019s groundbreaking work, USC Sea Grant has recently funded several other research projects working to better understand harmful algal blooms off the California coast. USC Sea Grant funded work by Dr. Bradley Moore and Dr. Andrew Allen<\/span><\/a> from the University of California San Diego, in collaboration with Kyla\u2019s advisor, Dr. Hutchins at USC, identified, for the first time, clusters of genes responsible for domoic acid production, resulting in a publication in the prestigious journal of <\/span>Science<\/span><\/i>.<\/span>
\n 
\nUSC Sea Grant also funded work by Dr. David Caron, Dr. Avery Tatters, and Dr. Eric Webb<\/span><\/a> of USC documenting multiple toxins in cyanobacteria, a primitive type of algae, that often lives in freshwater or brackish (a mix of fresh and salt water) in California\u2019s estuaries. Dr. Caron\u2019s team established a culture collection of cyanobacterial species for other researchers, created publicly accessible maps on the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in a variety of water bodies in Southern California, and participated in an expert state workgroup to develop a Framework for Monitoring and Assessment of California Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms.<\/span>
\n 
\nFinally, USC Sea Grant is funding Dr. Holly Bowers and Dr. Jason Smith<\/span><\/a> of San Jose State University who have successfully pioneered the use of new portable detection technology to allow for almost real-time, onsite detection of harmful algal species. This would allow for results on a management-relevant timeframe, allowing for earlier warnings to fishermen and the public.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Dr. Holly Bowers using the portable detection technology in the field. (Photo credit: R. Clarke)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Oceanographers and climatologists predict that coastal California will experience more frequent and more intense extremes of both<\/span><\/i> cold-water upwelling and marine heatwaves. Because of Kyla\u2019s recent doctoral research, we now know that the California coast is not safe from toxic <\/span>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/span><\/i> blooms in either scenario. Given the right inputs, the diatom can form ecologically and economically devastating blooms in either heatwave or cold-upwelling scenarios.<\/span>
\n 
\nEven with this important piece of the puzzle, there is more work to be done. As Kyla points out, \u201cdifferent species of Pseudo-nitzschia may respond differently to various combinations of factors<\/span>,\u201d so her beautifully designed, intricate experiments can serve as a model for future research.<\/span>
\n 
\nUSC Sea Grant will continue to prioritize harmful algal bloom research that considers the backdrop of climate change\u2019s effects on California\u2019s coastal waters and produces results that can immediately help improve the management of our fisheries and our ecologically and culturally important ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":751,"featured_media":8821,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[122,20,107],"tags":[126,67,82,21],"class_list":["post-8815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-news","category-research","tag-climate-change","tag-coastal-biology-and-ecology","tag-habs","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA Ticking Toxic Time Bomb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/uscseagrant\/2024\/05\/28\/a-ticking-toxic-time-bomb\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Ticking Toxic Time Bomb - 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