{"id":457,"date":"2025-10-19T22:02:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T05:02:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/scribe\/?p=457"},"modified":"2025-10-24T11:03:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-24T18:03:39","slug":"how-mosques-influence-architecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/scribe\/2025\/10\/19\/how-mosques-influence-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"How Mosques Influence Architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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How Mosques Influence Architecture<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n \n \n By<\/span>Akram Karimi<\/strong>\n \n October 19, 2025<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Mosques are one of the most unique architectural structures we see today. Mosques influence architecture through various architectural designs, elements, and design components that stem from Islam. <\/span>Acc<\/span>ording to Islamic City, a Muslim online community, \u201cTitus Burckhardt wrote that an artist who wishes to express the Islamic ideals, in particular, the idea of the ‘unity in existence’ or the ‘unity of the real’ has “three means at his disposal: geometry, which translates unity into the spatial order, color, which reveals it in the temporal order and also indirectly in space, and light which is to visible forms what Being is to limited existence.\u201d All of these architectural principles have significant meanings and symbolism for Muslims, which create a structure that represents Islam, the community, and its practices.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I am a female student at USC majoring in architecture, and I was born and raised in Iran, an Islamic country. Thus, I am familiar with mosques, as they are important religious spaces in Iran. In Islam, God is referred to as Allah, and the holy scripture is the Quran. For Muslims, the house of God, called the Kaba (\u06a9\u0639\u0628\u06be), is located in Mecca (\u0645\u06a9\u06be). Mosques (\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f ) are places where Muslims go to worship. Consequently, mosques have reflected architecture through architectural components such as the Qibla wall, the Mihrab, the dome, and the Minaret. The important architectural features of Islamic mosques include light, color, and geometry. These features represent the elements of unity, spirituality, Islamic beliefs, and the perfection of Allah. These important elements are deeply embedded into the core Islamic beliefs and practices. This paper <\/span>examines religion (Islam) and culture and how it is outwardly expressed and comes together through structure, practice, and community. This essay is guaranteed to instruct architects on how architectural structures can represent religious and cultural beliefs. In addition, it will also clarify upon how structure can be significant for communities and cities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF MOSQUES\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Mosques are one of the most important symbols in Islam and thus, they have had significant effects on the innovation of architecture. Mosque components are very unique and special, therefore we only see them in the architecture of mosques. These components include the Qibla wall, the Mihrab, the Dome, and the Minaret. The Qibla wall (\u0642\u0628\u0644\u06be ) represents the direction of the Kaba, which is the direction Muslims must face during prayer. This is done because the Kaba is the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad <\/span>\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/span>. Additionally, the Qibla direction creates unity among all Muslims worldwide. The Qibla wall has the same materials as other walls which are mostly made of brick and layers of stucco. What differentiates the Qibla wall from the other walls, and makes it unique is the Mihrab.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

There is a niche in the Qibla wall that shows the direction of Kabba, called the Mihrab (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0628). The Imam, or the person who leads the prayer (\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06be \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 ) stands in this place, while the rest of the congregation stand behind the Imam during the congregational prayer (\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0632). With this wall in place, when Muslims enter a mosque, they know which direction they must face during prayers. In Islam, the prayers have their own arrangements and formations. The Mihrab is significant because it represents the gathering that takes place during congregational prayers in Islam. Mihrab has gorgeous architecture which includes two arches that create an opening, and a <\/span>small space in the far end with beautiful architectural decorations made of wood or stone, and is covered with ceramic tiles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Nasir al-Mulk Mosque- Mihrab<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

The Dome (\u06af\u0646\u0628\u062f ) is the most recognized exterior architectural element of mosques and holds great significance, as domes are a symbolic representation of the Vault of Heaven (\u0628\u06be\u0634\u062a). Domes are also considered a structural feature, as they create a large space without any columns underneath them. They create an open and large space with a quadrilateral base and a sphere overhead. Additionally, domes are located above the area where Muslims offer their prayers. In Islamic culture, domes represent a connection between the people, the sky, and God. In addition, the sphere-shaped dome evenly distributes the structural load to square walls. Domes are the most beautiful parts of mosques in both interior and exterior design aspects. Dome materials in the interior design of a mosque include plaster and stucco, tile mosaics, and muqarnas. Plaster and stucco (\u06af\u0686 ) are the most common materials used for dome interiors as they can easily be <\/span>shaped into patterns and decorative elements and they are less time-consuming to work with. Tile Mosaics (\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u06a9), in domes’ interior designs, create stunning architectural features. They consist of small pieces with various colors and create Islamic motifs, patterns, and geometric designs, adding layers of depth and shadows to the space, which in turn makes the space more vibrant and spiritual. Muqarnas (\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0633 ) are three-dimensional geometry shapes made of stone, mosaic, and plaster that add depth and complexity to the dome’s interior design. A layer of color covers the muqarnas which is most often blue. According to the Arch Daily website, a significant leader in the architecture field, \u201cIn fact, the blue dome in the interior seemingly merges with the sky, accentuating the spiritual experience of the visitors.\u201d Shah Mosque (\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f ) in Isfahan, Iran (\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646-\u0627\u0635\u0641\u06be\u0627\u0646 ) is a very well-known mosque and architectural site that was recorded in Unisef, and has a beautiful blue dome made of tile. This gorgeous blue mosque was built during the Safavid dynasty and has different tones of blue from deep blues to turquoise. In some mosques in Iran, muqarnas were made from mirrors, as mirrors hold a great significance in Islam as being a representation of the soul.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Masjid-e-Nabvi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Minarets (\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0647 (are another architectural component to mosques in the exterior design of mosques. The Minaret includes two tall towers that can be seen on the outside of the mosque and are attached to the dome. These towers are also considered to be a structural feature because they prevent the domes from drifting. Minarets are also responsible for calling people to prayers. A muezzin, or a Muslim crier who recites the Azan (\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0646(, or call to prayer will enter the high point of the minaret and recite the Azan. In doing so, all will be informed that the time for the daily prayer has arrived. The muezzin and the minarets hold a significant role for Muslims, as they ensure that they may adhere to an accurate prayer schedule. In terms of materials, Minarets have the same materials as Fesade, which were mostly made of brick.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Jamkaran Mosque<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

LIGHT\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

There are many aspects including light, color, and geometry that add depth and value to mosques along with visually representing the relationship between God and Muslims. Light is a foundational symbol for mosques. Titus Burckhardt, a Swiss writer who wrote numerous works on sacred art, stated, \u201cThere is no more perfect symbol of the Divine Unity than light. For this reason, the Muslim artist seeks to transform the very stuff he is fashioning into a vibration of light. It is to this end that he covers the interior surfaces of a mosque or palace — and occasionally the outer ones — with mosaics in ceramic tiles. This lining is often confined to the lower part of the walls as if to dispel their heaviness. It is for the same purpose that the artist transforms other surfaces into perforated reliefs to filter the light. Muqarnas also serve to trap light and diffuse it with the most subtle gradations. Colors reveal the interior richness of light. Light viewed directly is blinding; it is through the harmony of colors that we divine its true nature, which bears every visual phenomenon within itself.\u201d Furthermore, Julie Bonn\u00e9ric, a French writer who has written many books related to Islam said, \u201c The symbolism of light is often invoked to signify the ubiquitous and omnipresent divine presence.\u201d Burckhardt and Bonn\u00e9ric emphasize the significance of light inside mosques in Islam. Burckhardt believes the theme of light can be related to the art of architecture and spirituality. However, Bonn\u00e9ric expresses that light shows the presence of the Divine in Islam. Moreover, light is a metaphor for Divine presence and guidance and it is important because it shows how the use of light in mosque designs align with Islamic practices and beliefs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

More importantly, the Quran\u2019s (\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646(,\u201d Verse of Light\u201d (Quran 24:35) says, “Allah is Light\u201d (\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647). In the architecture of mosques, light represents God and crafting a stage for <\/span>the divine realm. Architecture brings natural light inside mosques, creating a communion between the faithful and God. Architecture guides natural light inside mosques by using windows or stained glass, resulting in a unique and sacred atmosphere. An excellent example is the Nasir al-Mulk Mosque (\u0646\u0635\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f ) in Shiraz, Iran. This mosque is an impressive architectural work of art that was built in 1888 in the Qajar dynasty. Magnificent architecture using natural light in the mosque gave this mosque many different names such as \u201cPink Mosque\u201d, \u201cMosque of Colors\u201d, and \u201cRainbow Mosque\u201d. Natural light in Nasir al-Mulk Mosque travels through windows and stained glass, and as a result, stunning colors are illuminated and reflected onto the walls, the floors, and in arches in the prayer space. This extraordinary and spiritual illumination represents the aspiration and longing of the soul to ascend towards the sky, and ultimately, to God, its creator.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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N<\/span><\/a>asir al-Mulk Mosque<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

COLOR<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Another important aspect of architecture that adds value to mosques is color. The Quran makes reference to several colors that have deep symbolic meanings that contain significant messages for Muslims about faith, spirituality, and Islamic beliefs. Concerning mosques and their influence on architecture, the colors that are visibly present in mosques play an important role, as they are a silently and beautiful reflection of the verses of the Quran which mention the specific colors that have deep roots in Islam. According to one of Binus University’s articles, \u201cIn Islamic Architecture, colors hold significant spiritual symbolism, reflecting the values and beliefs of the Islamic faith. Four core colors, Green, Blue, Gold, and White, are each used to convey various cultural, religious, and symbolic meanings.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

By way of illustration, the Quran (18:31, 76:21) mentions that green(\u0633\u0628\u0632 (symbolizes life, fertility, and paradise. Inhabitants of paradise wear green garments, which is symbolic of spiritual growth and reaching divine glory. Furthermore, (Quran 18:107) says that there are green gardens in Heaven in which rivers flow and they are rewards for the righteous. Green used in mosques reminds worshippers of paradise, which is the promise of the righteous. The use of green in the architecture of mosques shows the deep connection of faith with this color. In mosques, green colors are used in interior design such as decoration, tiles, and Islamic motifs. Another well-known example, is the Green Dome, located in Medina Sharif, which covers the burial place of the Pr<\/span>ophet Muhammad<\/span>\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/span>. Millions of Muslims visit this site every year, and it is considered the second holiest place in Islam, after the previously mentioned Kaba. The dome was painted green in 1837, and afterwards became known as <\/span>The Green Dome, <\/span><\/i>which sits atop a white square structure. <\/span><\/p>\n

White (\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f )is a color that has been considerably meaningful, and highly regarded in Islam, as well as mentioned with importance in the Quran. In the Quran, (35:33) white is representational of purity and righteousness. Moreover, the Quran (35:1) talks about angels who are honorable scribes, who wear white garments. Consequently, Muslims wear white garments when they are in a mosque and engaged in prayer. This is done because it is believed to increase and enhance the connection between the soul and Allah during practices. Furthermore, it is essential to bring natural light inside of mosques. That means the white color in mosques represents the culture and practices of Islam. Friday prayer is held every Friday afternoon for Muslims, and it is considered one of the most important and elevated acts in Islam. Muslims coming to pray should wear white garments for Friday prayer and other religious events because white reflects sincerity, purity, and inner devotion. Furthermore, white is used inside mosques, especially for prayer halls and domes to create a sense of reverence and purity. When worshipers pray in these spaces, they experience purity and tranquility. This Islamic tradition represents Muslims purifying their souls by disconnecting from the ephemeral material world and in turn, connecting to the infinite spiritual world.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In addition to white, blue (\u0627\u0628\u06cc ) is often associated with the sky and the heavens in Islamic traditions. The Quran illustrates the sky as a canopy in Chapters 21:32 and 36:38, as the sky represents depth and transcendence. In addition, blue symbolizes the majesty and mystery of the Divine, therefore, the most common color used in many mosques is blue. In the architectural designs of mosques blue represents the theme of spiritual transcendence and the heavens. Furthermore, tilework, stained glass windows, as well as domes and ceiling interiors are often blue, as the color <\/span>emblematizes <\/span>the impenetrable depths of the universe. This represents the connection of the soul with God and its spiritual significance adds to the sacred essence and <\/span>ambiance that is found in mosques. A well-known masterpiece of Islamic mosques that uses blue to bring this sacred essence to life is the Shah Mosque in Iran. This mosque has varying shades of blue on its dome, as well as on its exterior facade. Due to its turquoise color, the Shah Mosque is very famous in Iran. Blue was used as the primary color in both the interior and exterior architectural design of this mosque. This color allows for an enhanced spiritual experience for its visitors, and represents one of the core values Islam.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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N<\/span><\/a>asir al-Mulk Mosque<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

GEOMETRY<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Geometry is another important aspect of architecture that adds value to mosques. The mosque’s entrance is symmetrical, as the entrance is located in the middle and there are two decorative elements on both sides of the entrance. The entrance consists of three rectangles. It is positioned such that the rectangle for the door is bigger than the side rectangles. While entering the mosque, there is another space called a Hashti (\u06be\u0634\u062a\u06cc (which is constructed with hexagonal geometry. Some old mosques have famous historical and religious inscriptions and architects have rotated the Hashti in a way that allows visitors to locate these inscriptions. Architectural geometry has the power to create a spiritual atmosphere from the moment people enter the mosque. Its effects are so profound, that they are able to see God, or one could say that as it is as if it visually represents that this is a space where God and people may intertwine and become one with God.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In terms of geometry, placing a dome in all mosques captures the various philosophical, symbolic and significant aspects of Islam. Put simply, a dome is a sphere located on top of a cube. The cube creates the walls around the prayer space and the dome creates a roof above it. In Islam, a cube represents the physical world, while a sphere represents the spiritual world. In short, when worshippers stand in this space, it signifies their disconnection from the physical world and their enhanced connection to the spiritual realm. Each dome in mosques represents the unity and oneness of God and emphasizes the central belief in monotheism (\u062a\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f (in Islam. Dome geometry also symbolizes the spiritual aspirations of Muslims, as their upward curvature mirrors the desire of worshippers to achieve spiritual elevation and draw closer to God.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the geometry of historical mosques, especially in Iran, we can discover what is known as the golden proportions. The golden ratio is a rectangle with a length-to-width ratio of <\/span>approximately 1.6180339887. Plans, sections, and elevations are entirely derived from the golden ratio, reflecting the order and reverence that hold significant importance in Islam. Even during prayers, Muslims must adhere to this sense of order. Prayer and worship of God are based on discipline and God’s house, the mosque, follows this role. Domes and the space underneath them are the biggest spaces in the plan and are mostly rectangular in shape. Other spaces may have differing geometrical shapes. In the mosques’ facades, two geometric shapes are prevalent: rectangles and circles, or arches. Symmetry is consistently observed in the facades, and the domes are typically taller than rectangles, while minarets stand as the tallest elements in mosque elevations. The reason why minarets are the tallest structures is closely tied to their functional purpose. Their height ensures the muezzin\u2019s voice is heard by people. Furthermore, this characteristic of the Minarets symbolizes the presence of Islam in the community and city.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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N<\/span><\/a>asir al-Mulk Mosque<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

CONCLUSION<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

In conclusion, mosques have distinguished architectural components, and they are used exclusively for mosques, and are not used for any other structures. The Qibla wall and the Mihrab represent the order and the formations that must be adhered to in Islam. When worshippers pray facing the same direction, it is very important because it represents the culture of gathering in congregational prayers in Islam. Domes are prominent on both the exterior and interior of mosques. Domes are essential elements and a symbolic representation of the Vault of Heaven. Minarets are the only architectural component that is only obvious on the exterior of mosques. Each mosque has two Minarets that work as structural features and prevent the domes from drifting.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Furthermore, architectural elements such as light, color, and geometry are connected to the Quran and the culture of gathering in Islam. Light and colors in mosques are symbolic of Divine glory. Light represents Allah. In Islam four colors are considered holy: green, white, gold, and blue. These four colors are therefore often used in mosques, adding to both the spiritual and structural beauty of the mosque. The colors used in mosques are sacred and have significant themes such as faith, spirituality, and Islamic beliefs. When people are inside a mosque they feel God\u2019s presence, and visitors experience a space where God and people intertwine. Mosques are the only structures that represent ‘unity in existence’ or the ‘unity of the Real’.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

PRIMARY RESEARCH\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Rob Beery, an Adjunct Associate Professor at the School of Architecture said, \u201cLight, color, and geometry combine in the architecture of mosques to create an atmosphere, a distinct quality of <\/span>space that exceeds the physical characteristics of materials alone. Intricate patterns articulate surfaces to add a feeling of both depth and mysteriousness through a play of light and shadows. Colors add complexity while contributing to a particular mood and sense of place. The architecture is one of affect, a sequence of spatial conditions that induce an emotional response.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

SELF-EVALUATION\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

After deep and thorough research, I gained insights that led me to the realization that architecture is not all about structure and physical elements. Architecture can be a bridge that enables the faithful to connect to God. For Muslims, it is more than a physical design, it is a deeply embedded representation of our fervent desire and longing to connect to our Creator. Furthermore, I learned how mosques have influenced architecture. I also came to a deeper understanding of how architecture can be inspired by different things, and how it can fulfill deeply spiritual desires by creating a space that is based on and inspired by religious and cultural beliefs.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

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Annotated Bibliography\u00a0<\/strong><\/h6>\n
Bonn\u00e9ric, Julie. \u201cThe Symbol of Light in Classical Mosques.\u201d <\/span>Shs<\/span><\/i>, 17 Apr. 2020,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
This research discussed ‘The Symbol of Light in Classical Mosques’ and the symbolism<\/span> of light in Islam and the Quran.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
Collaborator, Prismoon. \u201cIslamic Colors: A Journey through Cultural Symbolism \u201d <\/span>Nakka\u015f<\/span><\/i> B<\/span><\/i>oytu<\/span><\/i>, Nakka\u015f Boytu, 29 Jan. 2024,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
Another great source discusses light in mosques and connects it to Allah, the Quran, and<\/span> Muslims’ beliefs.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
Aesthetics.Ehteshami, Azin, and Mehdi Soltaninejad. Al-Mulk Mosque.\u201d <\/span>SCIRP<\/span><\/i>, Scientific<\/span> Research Publishing, 24 Sept. 2019,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
This website analyzed the symbolic use of color in mosques. It defined four holy colors<\/span> in Islam: green, white, and blue.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
Fakharany, Nour. \u201cThe Symbolic Use of Color in Islamic Architecture.\u201d <\/span>Architecture INUS<\/span><\/i> University The Symbolic Use of Color in Islamic Architecture Comments<\/span><\/i>,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
This scientific research and academic publication includes analyzing the architectural<\/span> form of Nasir Al-Mulk Mosque.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
Islamicity.org. \u201cLight as a Decorative Medium in Islamic Art and Architecture.\u201d<\/span> I<\/span><\/i>slamiCity<\/span><\/i>, 30 July 2015,<\/span><\/h6>\n
Another great source discussed light in mosques and connected it to Allah, the Quran,<\/span> and Muslims’ beliefs.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
\u201cThe Mosque.\u201d <\/span>The Metropolitan Museum of Art<\/span><\/i>, 6 May 2013,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n
This great online source discusses the essential architectural elements of a mosque such<\/span> as mihrab, minaret, dome, etc.<\/span><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Author Biography<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Akram Karimi graduated Cum Laude with a BA in Architecture from USC in May 2025.
\nI am often deeply inspired by poems, and I also have experience in writing poetry. I
\nstrongly believe that we can create a significant impact on the hearts of others with our writing,
\nespecially poetry.<\/p>\n

I use writing as a form of storytelling and as a means of innovation because these are two very
\nimportant things in the Architectural realm. I truly believe that a good architect should have
\nwriting skills in order to successfully sell their ideas and designs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1018,"featured_media":468,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[31],"class_list":["post-457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-guest-submission"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Mosques Influence Architecture<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/scribe\/2025\/10\/19\/how-mosques-influence-architecture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Mosques Influence Architecture - 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