{"id":920,"date":"2022-04-07T10:50:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-07T17:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/russia-is-sparking-new-nuclear-threats-understanding-nonproliferation-history-helps-place-this-in-context\/"},"modified":"2025-06-12T21:07:53","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T04:07:53","slug":"russia-nuclear-threats-understanding-nonproliferation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/russia-nuclear-threats-understanding-nonproliferation\/","title":{"rendered":"Russia is sparking new nuclear threats \u2013 understanding nonproliferation history helps place this in\u00a0context"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                          \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3668-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3668-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"Russia is sparking new nuclear threats \u2013 understanding nonproliferation history helps place this in\u00a0context\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Nuclear reactors line the bank of the Columbia River at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation near Richland, Washington, in this 1960 photo. (Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=faculty\">Faculty<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Russia is sparking new nuclear threats \u2013 understanding nonproliferation history helps place this in\u00a0context<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  After decades of progress on nonproliferation, Russia\u2019s new threats of nuclear strikes reminds us that convincing countries to reduce their stockpiles of nuclear weapons has been a difficult road.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Nina Srinivasan Rathbun<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">April 7, 2022<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m7.43475275 9.52380952-2.17490843 2.26076008c-1.08745421 1.058837-1.68841575 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m8.14285714 9.42857143c-.17142857 0-.34285714 0-.51428571.08571428l7.28571427 6.34285719c.3428572.2571428.6857143.2571428.9428572 0l7.2857142-6.34285719c-.0857142-.08571428-.2571428-.08571428-.4285714-.08571428zm-1.28571428 1.11428567v.1714286 8.5714286c0 .6857143.6 1.2857143 1.28571428 1.2857143h14.57142856c.6857143 0 1.2857143-.6 1.2857143-1.2857143v-8.5714286c0-.0857143 0-.0857143 0-.1714286l-7.2 6.3428572c-.7714286.6857143-1.8857143.6857143-2.6571429 0z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(-6 -9)\"\/><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n            <span class=\"a2a_label visually-hidden\">Email<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                  <\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n \n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>During the 1960s, the Soviet Union and the United States came close to war over the Soviet\u2019s attempt to install nuclear weapons <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/cold-war\/cuban-missile-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in Cuba<\/a>, 90 miles off the Florida coast.<\/p>\n<p>People in the U.S. feared nuclear war. Children practiced nuclear drills hiding under their desks. Families <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/video\/entertainment\/this-1960s-nuclear-fallout-shelter-is-a-time-capsule-to-the-past--and-offers-lessons-for-the-trump-era\/2017\/10\/17\/c2cd67ae-b367-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_video.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">built nuclear bunkers<\/a> in their backyards.<\/p>\n<p>But later in the 20th century, nuclear war became less likely. Countries committed to diminishing their stockpiles of nuclear weapons, or pledged to not pursue nuclear weapons in the first place.<\/p>\n<p>Now, after decades of progress on limiting the buildup of nuclear weapons, Russia\u2019s war on Ukraine has prompted renewed <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/russia-ukraine-putin-nato-europe-6d1e374e77504838ba9ca78dd8bce46c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nuclear tensions<\/a> between Russia and the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>On Feb. 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/03\/08\/1085248170\/putin-has-threatened-to-use-his-nuclear-arsenal-heres-what-its-actually-capable-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">threatened<\/a> that any country that interfered in Ukraine would \u201cface consequences greater than any you have faced in history.\u201d Many experts and observers interpreted this as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-economist-explains\/2022\/03\/29\/would-russia-really-launch-nuclear-weapons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a threat of nuclear<\/a> attacks against Ukraine\u2019s defenders.<\/p>\n<p>A single nuclear weapon today in a major city <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icanw.org\/modeling_the_effects_on_cities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could immediately kill<\/a> anywhere from 52,000 to several million people, depending on the weapon\u2019s size.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding these new threats requires an understanding of efforts to reduce the number of nuclear weapons, prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to new countries and the development or stockpiling of nuclear weapons in different countries.<\/p>\n<p>I have <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty.cfm?pid=1022718\">worked on<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/international-organization\/article\/abs\/price-of-peace-motivated-reasoning-and-costly-signaling-in-international-relations\/931AC830FEB7D24D26800E22558D9F9D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researched nuclear<\/a> nonproliferation for <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-90978-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two decades<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Convincing countries <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/USRussiaNuclearAgreements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to reduce<\/a> their nuclear weapon stockpiles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2017\/09\/north-korea-south-africa\/539265\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">or renounce<\/a> the pursuit of this ultimate weapon has always been extremely difficult.<\/p>\n<h2>A history of nonproliferation<\/h2>\n<p>The Soviet Union, U.S., United Kingdom, France, Israel and China <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2968\/066004008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">had active nuclear<\/a> weapons programs in the 1960s.<\/p>\n<p>Countries recognized the risk of a nuclear war in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Sixty-two countries initially agreed to what\u2019s been called the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/act\/2003_12\/Weiss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grand Bargain<\/a>\u201d in 1967, an essential element of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/disarmament\/wmd\/nuclear\/npt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons<\/a>. One hundred and ninety-one countries eventually signed this treaty.<\/p>\n<p>The agreement prevented the spread of nuclear weapons to countries that didn\u2019t already have them <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/resources\/timeline\/timeline1960.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by 1967<\/a>. Countries with nuclear weapons, like the U.S. and the U.K., agreed to end their nuclear arms race and work toward eventual disarmament, meaning the destruction of all nuclear weapons.<\/p>\n<p>This landmark agreement laid the groundwork for agreements between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to further reduce their nuclear weapons and their delivery systems. It also stopped other countries from developing and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/test-ban-treaty-at-a-glance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testing<\/a> nuclear weapons until the end of the Cold War.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nti.org\/countries\/israel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Israel<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/blogs\/security\/2021\/12\/indias-nuclear-arsenal-takes-a-big-step-forward\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">India<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/premium\/2021-09\/nuclear-notebook-how-many-nuclear-weapons-does-pakistan-have-in-2021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pakistan<\/a> never joined the agreement due to regional security concerns. They all now possess nuclear weapons. North Korea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/act\/2005-05\/features\/npt-withdrawal-time-security-council-step\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdrew<\/a> and developed nuclear <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-41174689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weapons<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-nuclear-disarmament-disarmament-777aab2d375f3d3fed15dc7519783826\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Other countries gave<\/a> up their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nti.org\/analysis\/articles\/south-africa-nuclear-disarmament\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nuclear<\/a> weapons, or programs to develop them.<\/p>\n<h2>Some successes<\/h2>\n<p>There have been <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/25751654.2020.1824500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major achievements<\/a> in preventing countries from gaining nuclear weapons and dramatically reducing nuclear weapon stockpiles since the Cold War.<\/p>\n<p>The global nuclear stockpile has been reduced by 82% since 1986, from a peak of 70,300, with nearly all of the reductions in the U.S. and Russia, who held the largest stockpiles at the time.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/issues\/nuclear-weapons\/status-world-nuclear-forces\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Globally there<\/a> are now around 12,700 nuclear weapons, with about 90% held by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Russia and the U.S.<\/a> \u2013 or between 5,000 to 6,000 weapons each.<\/p>\n<p>There are several other countries with nuclear weapons, and most of them have a few hundred weapons each, including China, the United Kingdom and France. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/cp\/nuclear-warheads-by-country-1945-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Newer nuclear countries<\/a> like India, Pakistan and Israel have around 100 each, while North Korea has around 20.<\/p>\n<p>Starting in the late 1960s, countries agreed to more <a href=\"https:\/\/nuke.fas.org\/control\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">than a dozen<\/a> legally binding agreements, known as treaties, that limited new countries getting nuclear weapons and prohibited nuclear weapon testing, among other measures.<\/p>\n<p>But they have not reduced the number of <a href=\"https:\/\/armscontrolcenter.org\/u-s-nonstrategic-nuclear-weapons\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nuclear weapons<\/a> with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.heritage.org\/missile-defense\/commentary\/russias-small-nukes-are-big-problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">short range<\/a> missiles.<\/p>\n<p>No agreements cover <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-00794-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">these weapons<\/a>, which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/limited-tactical-nuclear-weapons-would-be-catastrophic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could also cause<\/a> widespread destruction and deaths. Russia\u2019s short-range weapons could <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/tactical-nuclear-weapons-escalation-us-russia-war-animated-strike-map-2019-9#instead-of-the-tactical-weapons-de-escalating-the-conflict-as-proponents-claim-they-would-the-simulation-shows-conflict-spiraling-out-of-control-after-the-use-of-tactical-weapons-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quickly destroy<\/a> much of Europe.<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. and Russia have still worked together on reducing nuclear weapons, despite fighting many proxy wars in <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/maghis\/article-abstract\/14\/3\/20\/1015741?redirectedFrom=PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Korea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1977-1980\/soviet-invasion-afghanistan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Afghanistan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/1996-09-01\/soviet-union-and-vietnam-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">and Vietnam<\/a> at the same time.<\/p>\n<p>They have also jointly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/Security-Council-Resolutions-on-Iran\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pressured Iran<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/UN-Security-Council-Resolutions-on-North-Korea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Korea<\/a> and Libya to renounce their efforts to develop nuclear weapons, with some success in <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/04\/05\/iran-nuclear-deal-russia-ukraine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iran<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/LibyaChronology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">and Libya<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>U.S.-Russia cooperation declines<\/h2>\n<p>U.S.-Russia engagement on nuclear weapons changed when Russia forcibly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/order-from-chaos\/2020\/03\/17\/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annexed Crimea<\/a> from Ukraine in 2014.<\/p>\n<p>Russia built up land <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/russias-controversial-9m729-missile-system-a-not-so-secret-secret\/a-46606193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">missiles<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/baltic-review.com\/defence-lithuania-is-preparing-for-a-russian-invasion\/kaliningrad-map\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaliningrad<\/a>, an enclave of Russia in the middle of Eastern Europe, in 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[<em>Understand key political developments, each week.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/memberservices.theconversation.com\/newsletters\/?nl=politics&amp;source=inline-politics-understand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Subscribe to The Conversation\u2019s politics newsletter<\/a>.]<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/act\/2014-09\/news\/russia-breaches-inf-treaty-us-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S.<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-46443672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NATO<\/a> then accused Russia of violating a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/INFtreaty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1987 nuclear agreement<\/a> on short- and intermediate-range land missiles. From Russia, these could travel between 500 to 5,500 kilometers (311 to 3,418 miles), hitting targets as far as London.<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. <a href=\"https:\/\/2017-2021.state.gov\/u-s-withdrawal-from-the-inf-treaty-on-august-2-2019\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">also terminated<\/a> this agreement in 2019 due to Russian violations. Now, there are no international nuclear agreements in Europe.<\/p>\n<p>Yet, the main strategic nuclear weapons agreement, known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/new-start\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New START<\/a>, remains in place, and will stay so <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/on-the-extension-of-the-new-start-treaty-with-the-russian-federation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">until at least 2026<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Impact of Ukraine war<\/h2>\n<p>While Putin has not followed through on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/no-russian-muscle-movements-after-putins-nuclear-readiness-alert-us-says-2022-02-28\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his threat<\/a> of a nuclear strike, the potential for a nuclear attack has meant the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2022\/3\/13\/22975269\/ukraine-poland-us-mig-fighter-jets-military-aid-escalation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S.<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-18023383\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NATO response to Russia\u2019s attacks on Ukraine<\/a> has landed far short of direct engagement.<\/p>\n<p>This is the first time that nuclear threats have been used <a href=\"https:\/\/globalsecurityreview.com\/nuclear-de-escalation-russias-deterrence-strategy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by one country that\u2019s invaded another country<\/a> rather than to defend a country.<\/p>\n<p>It also marks a step <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thechicagocouncil.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-02\/Korea%20Nuclear%20Report%20PDF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">backward<\/a> in international work to reduce the threat of nuclear war.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/180533\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/nina-srinivasan-rathbun-1333993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Srinivasan Rathbun<\/a>, Professor of international relations, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/usc-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/russia-is-sparking-new-nuclear-threats-understanding-nonproliferation-history-helps-place-this-in-context-180533\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/russia-ukraine-war-analysis-by-international-relations-experts\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >What will it take to end the Russia-Ukraine war? Two experts tell us<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/does-nato-have-a-future\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Does NATO have a future?<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/prigozhin-yevgeny-putin-suspicious-demise\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Wagner group\u2019s Yevgeny Prigozhin reportedly died in private jet crash \u2014 if confirmed, it wouldn\u2019t be first time someone who crossed Putin met a suspicious demise<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>After decades of progress on nonproliferation, Russia\u2019s new threats of nuclear strikes reminds us that convincing countries to reduce their stockpiles of nuclear weapons has been a difficult road.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":923,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,50],"tags":[87,85,84,83],"class_list":["post-920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty","category-politics","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-international-relations","tag-russia","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Russia is sparking new nuclear threats \u2013 understanding nonproliferation history helps place this in\u00a0context<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Russia\u2019s new threats of 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