{"id":6448,"date":"2015-12-18T15:55:00","date_gmt":"2015-12-18T23:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/on-the-naughty-list-beware-krampus-is-coming\/"},"modified":"2024-12-12T14:39:48","modified_gmt":"2024-12-12T22:39:48","slug":"on-the-naughty-list-beware-krampus-is-coming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/on-the-naughty-list-beware-krampus-is-coming\/","title":{"rendered":"On the naughty list? Beware, Krampus is coming!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2015\/12\/story-2239_upscayl_3x_remacri-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2015\/12\/story-2239_upscayl_3x_remacri-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2015\/12\/story-2239_upscayl_3x_remacri-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2015\/12\/story-2239_upscayl_3x_remacri-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"On the naughty list? Beware, Krampus is coming!\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Europeans have been exchanging greeting cards featuring Krampus since the 1800s. This early <em>Krampuskarten<\/em> bears the message <em>Gru\u00df vom Krampus<\/em> (Greetings from the Krampus).\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=faculty\">Faculty<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>On the naughty list? Beware, Krampus is coming!<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  With a movie, a comic book series and Krampus-based festivities in many American cities, it looks like the legendary figure has gained a firm foothold (though whether human or cloven is unclear). USC Dornsife\u2019s Britta Bothe explores the mythology surrounding this previously little-known Christmas figure from Alpine folklore and why it\u2019s gaining in popularity.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Susan Bell<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">December 18, 2015<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span 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   \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>Traditionally the worst thing badly behaved American children have had to fear during the festive season was reaching into their Christmas stocking and pulling out a lump of coal. And even if exasperated parents still occasionally toss out the coal threat, few \u2014 if any \u2014 actually carry it out (although those on Santa\u2019s naughty list beware \u2014 lumps of liquorice \u201ccoal\u201d are now widely available as novelty items on the candy aisle in American stores.)<\/p>\n<p>But for children in some central European countries, the story is very different. For centuries, disobedient children living in Austria and other Alpine countries have faced a truly terrifying Christmas consequence for their misbehavior \u2014 a dreaded visit from \u00a0Krampus.<\/p>\n<p>With his curving horns, towering, hairy body, one cloven and one human foot, lolling long, red, pointed tongue and grimacing features, Krampus is a mythical figure dating back to at least the Middle Ages and possibly earlier.<\/p>\n<p>Apparently created to strike maximum terror into the hearts and minds of small children \u2014 and quite a few adults, too \u2014 Krampus traditionally carries a <em>ruten<\/em> bundle, or birch rod, to whip those who have misbehaved and chains to bind those who have strayed from the straight and narrow. Strapped to his back is a leather bucket or woven rush basket to carry away naughty children, and around his waist is a stout leather belt to which are attached several large cowbells. The fact that the Krampus can be heard before he can be seen makes him even more frightening \u2014 replacing the joyful sound of sleigh bells with something far more sinister: the menacing clanking of rusty chains accompanied by the eerie tinkling of cowbells.<\/p>\n<h2>Banned by the Nazis<\/h2>\n<p>\u201c\u2018Krampus\u2019 comes from a word in Middle High German, \u2018<em>krampen,<\/em>\u2019 which means \u2018claw,\u2019\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty.cfm?pid=1008250\">Britta Bothe<\/a>, associate professor (teaching) of <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/usc-german-studies-program\/\">German<\/a> at USC Dornsife.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s a very old custom,\u201d Bothe said. \u201cWe know Krampus dates back to before the Inquisition because it was banned then. Anyone caught dressing up as a Krampus faced the death penalty because it was perceived as a devil figure.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Interestingly, the Nazis also banned Krampus for its pagan origins. More recently, concerns have been expressed in Austria about whether the tradition is appropriate for children. However, the huge popularity of Krampus lives on and is now enjoying a resurgence.<\/p>\n<h2>Coming soon to a town near you\u2026<\/h2>\n<p>Formerly familiar only to inhabitants of Austria, the Bavarian region of Germany and countries of the former <a href=\"http:\/\/www.habsburger.net\/en\/map\">Habsburg Empire<\/a>, Krampus has now made his debut in America \u2014 and specifically in Los Angeles. The eponymously titled 2015 Hollywood horror flick <em>Krampus <\/em>\u2014 the story of one American family\u2019s battle to win back their Christmas spirit from the fiendish figure from Alpine folklore \u2014 is enjoying considerable success at the box office this holiday season.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a title=\"KrampusNacht\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/usccollege\/albums\/72157662562377805\" data-flickr-embed=\"true\" data-footer=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/568\/23835677995_c7d07650c2_z.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of three people wearing furry costumes and masks adorned with horns.\" width=\"640\" height=\"488\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three members of the traditionally costumed Austrian Krampus troupe that visited Los Angeles to participate in the city&#8217;s 2015 Krampuslauf, or Krampus Run, on Dec. 10. (Photos: Susan Bell.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In addition to the new movie, the horned beast has inspired a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/imagecomics.com\/comics\/series\/krampus\">comic book series<\/a>.\u00a0L.A. held a Krampus Ball and its third consecutive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/orlandokrampusnacht\/\">Krampusnacht festival<\/a>\u00a0in the streets of downtown this year, and for the first time many U.S. cities followed suit. This year, the L.A. Krampusnacht featured a troupe of more than a dozen Krampuses sporting traditional animal-hide costumes and hand-carved, horned masks who flew in specially from Austria for the occasion.<\/p>\n<p>And it\u2019s not just America that is embracing Krampus creepiness.<\/p>\n<p>While Krampus festivities have been popular in Bavaria and the Tyrol region of Austria and Northern Italy for generations, they are now catching on throughout Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Krampus is even being celebrated as far away as France and Finland.<\/p>\n<h2>A whole gang of Krampuses<\/h2>\n<p>Krampus has its origins in pagan traditions in Germany where, so the legend goes, he was originally one of the sons of Hel, Norse god of the underworld.<\/p>\n<p>In Alpine towns and villages, young men traditionally disguise themselves as the mythical creature and parade through the streets in an ancient pagan ritual known as the <em>Krampuslauf<\/em>, or Krampus Run, that is meant to disperse winter&#8217;s ghosts.<\/p>\n<p>In Austria and Bavaria, Krampus Day takes place on Dec. 5. There Krampus accompanies St. Nicholas, as he makes his rounds.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn Germany, children put their shoes or boots outside the door on the evening of Dec. 5 and hope St. Nicholas, the patron saint of children and the basis for our Santa Claus, will fill them the next morning with sweets, nuts and other goodies,\u201d Bothe said.<\/p>\n<p>In most parts of Germany, St. Nicholas is accompanied by his counterpart, Knecht Ruprecht, who punishes naughty children.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Krampus is a different take on this tradition in which Knecht Ruprecht is replaced, not just by one \u2014 far more terrifying \u2014 Krampus figure, but by a whole troupe of them,\u201d Bothe said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn smaller towns St. Nicholas may appear with a small gang of four or five Krampuses. In some towns you have Krampus runs with a hundred Krampuses running around in the street,\u201d she said. \u201cThey are wild and it can get pretty boisterous.\u201d In 2008, at one of the biggest Krampus runs held in Saint Johann in Austria, more than 1,000 Krampuses participated.<\/p>\n<p>Krampus is reminiscent of the bogey man and also of traditional German fairy tales, Bothe said, citing the tales of Brothers Grimm, <em>Struwwel Peter<\/em> and <em>Max and Moritz<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAll these gruesome tales feature wild children who come to a very bad end. This theme of the bogey man who punishes misbehaving and immoral children runs through the centuries and was widely told to keep children in line.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Krampus tradition also has an element of establishing social order, Bothe said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt wasn\u2019t until the 17th century that it evolved to become more focused on children.<\/p>\n<p>In its earliest incarnations in pagan societies, if adults were greedy, indecent or too strict, they were also visited by Krampuses, so it definitely had an underpinning of general social control.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>A certain freedom from social constraints<\/h2>\n<p>So why is Krampus enjoying such renewed appeal and why are Americans adopting this Alpine tradition?<\/p>\n<p>One reason Bothe mentions is the globalization of traditional festivals. \u201cLet\u2019s not forget it\u2019s a two-way street,\u201d she said. \u201cHalloween has never been a tradition in continental Europe but now people have started celebrating it there, albeit on a much smaller scale than in the U.S.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ironically, Krampus, which has been used for centuries to promote social and parental control, also offers a brief window of escape from modern societal constraints. Bothe suggests this is a large part of Krampus\u2019 modern-day appeal, comparing Krampus festivities both to traditional European carnivals and particularly to Halloween, where people have an opportunity to dress up, mask their identities and run wild.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cPeople delight in having a day or evening spent outside regular social norms,\u201d she said. \u201cDressing up and disguising your appearance represents a kind of freedom, a liberty to do certain things that you wouldn\u2019t usually do, especially when you feel safe in the knowledge that no-one can recognize you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With a new movie, a comic book series and Krampus-based festivities debuting in many American cities, it looks like the legendary figure has gained a firm foothold (though whether human or cloven is unclear). USC Dornsife\u2019s Britta Bothe explores the mythology surrounding this previously little-known Christmas figure from Alpine folklore and why it\u2019s gaining in popularity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":22510,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[1152,103],"class_list":["post-6448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty","tag-german-studies","tag-holidays"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>On the naughty list? 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