{"id":544,"date":"2022-09-26T17:11:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-27T00:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/japanese-americans-were-forcibly-imprisoned-in-camps-during-world-war-ii-we-finally-know-all-their-names\/"},"modified":"2023-09-15T17:09:37","modified_gmt":"2023-09-16T00:09:37","slug":"names-of-japanese-americans-forcibly-imprisoned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/names-of-japanese-americans-forcibly-imprisoned\/","title":{"rendered":"Japanese Americans were forcibly imprisoned in camps during World War II. We finally know all their names"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                                    \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3763-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3763-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"Japanese Americans were forcibly imprisoned in camps during World War II. We finally know all their names\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  The full list of 125,284 names of Japanese Americans imprisoned during World War II was printed in the Ireich\u014d (\u201cThe Book of Names\u201d), now on display at the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles. (Photo: Kristen Murakoshi.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=faculty\">Faculty<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Japanese Americans were forcibly imprisoned in camps during World War II. We finally know all their names<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  A USC Dornsife scholar has completed the first comprehensive list of Japanese Americans sent to \u201crelocation centers.\u201d The list is part of a larger memorial project honoring the victims of President Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019s Executive Order 9066.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Margaret Crable<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">September 26, 2022<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" 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class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-highlights \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-highlights\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--section-title\">\n\n    \n  <h2>\n          In brief:\n      <\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n      <ul>\n              <li><p>The names of thousands of Japanese Americans sent to prison camps during World War II were lost or misspelled in the decades following the war.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n              <li><p>USC Dornsife scholar Duncan Williams recently finished the first complete and accurate accounting of all those who were imprisoned.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n              <li><p>The list in book form is on display at the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n              <li><p>Starting in 2024, a series of structures displaying these names will be installed at former prison camp sites.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  \n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>On Sept. 12, a group of Buddhist, Christian and Shinto clergy walked solemnly through downtown Los Angeles toward the Japanese American National Museum (JANM), carrying a book. Printed on its pages were the names of 125,284 Japanese Americans forcibly imprisoned in camps during World War II. It\u2019s the first comprehensive list of all those who were incarcerated.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/migration-uploads\/Williams_MemorialProject_InStoryA-3763.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"226\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Survivors of the camps and their family members attended a recent ceremony at the Japanese American National Museum where they were able to view the list and pay tribute to those interned. (Photo: Kristen Murakoshi.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his administration, fearful that those of Japanese descent would remain loyal to their ancestral home over the United States during the war, issued Executive Order 9066. The order sent Japanese Americans from their homes to remote camps throughout the U.S. Some 1,600 prisoners died during their incarceration and many lost property and businesses that they were forced to abandon.<\/p>\n<p>In 1988, an official apology and reparations were issued to victims under former President Ronald Reagan, but a truly complete list of all those who had been imprisoned remained elusive. Names were missing or misspelled, and the lists often didn\u2019t include those born in the camps or who died on the way. This meant that the total number of those who had been placed in the camps was still unknown.<\/p>\n<p>This first comprehensive accounting of those imprisoned is now complete thanks to the work of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty.cfm?pid=1038110\">Duncan Williams<\/a>, professor of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/religion\/\">religion<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/ase\/\">American studies and ethnicity<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/ealc\/\">East Asian languages and culture<\/a>\u00a0and director of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cjrc\/\">USC Shinso Ito Center for Japanese Religions and Culture<\/a>\u00a0at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s part of Williams and the center\u2019s ongoing effort to memorialize the victims of this policy, a project dubbed Irei: National Monument for the WWII Japanese American Incarceration, which will include an online website and a series of monuments at former camp sites.<\/p>\n<h2>The Book of Names<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/migration-uploads\/Williams_MemorialProject_InStoryB-3763.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"226\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1988, President Ronald Reagan issued a formal apology from the U.S. government to the victims of Executive Order 9066, along with financial reparations. (Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The Reagan administration\u2019s Civil Liberties Act of 1988 issued an apology to those interned as well as a check for $20,000 to roughly 80,000 victims. Yet, even this did not produce an accurate accounting of everyone who had been imprisoned. \u201cI&#8217;ve interviewed staffers in that office and they said, \u2018Well, you know, back then we didn\u2019t have Excel,\u2019\u201d says Williams.<\/p>\n<p>He has spent several years collecting names from camp rosters and other primary source documents, writing a list that not only accurately spelled each name, but which also produced the total number of people who were sentenced to the camps.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUp until this point, everybody\u2019s been guessing. Maybe it was 110,000 people, maybe 120,000,\u201d says Williams. \u201cWe came to around 125,000 when we finished the project.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The names were printed in a book dubbed Ireich\u00c3\u2026\u00c2\u008d, or \u201cThe Book of Names,\u201d a choice inspired by the Japanese tradition of\u00a0Kakoch\u00c3\u2026\u00c2\u008d,\u00a0or \u201cThe Book of the Past.\u201d A kakocho lists those who have passed away and is placed on altars and brought out during memorial services for the names to be read.<\/p>\n<p>Ireich\u00c3\u2026\u00c2\u008d will remain at the JANM for a year. Relatives of victims can stop by to place a Japanese hanko, or seal, by their family member\u2019s name, as a way to acknowledge their memory. They can also request changes or additions to the list. Once any edits have been entered at the end of its residency, the list will be considered complete.<\/p>\n<h2>Names in lights<\/h2>\n<p>The center was recently awarded a $3.4 million grant from the Mellon Foundation for their memorial project, as part of the foundation\u2019s effort supporting work that reconsiders the future of memorials.<\/p>\n<p>The next stage of the Irei project will be an online archive, accessible to the public. The interactive and searchable database of names will add personal information about each individual. This will provide both sentimental value for family members of victims and powerful genealogical and historical data to researchers.<\/p>\n<p>Starting in 2024, Williams and the center will begin installing light sculptures at eight former camps, including at Manzanar in California\u2019s Owens Valley, where many of the Japanese Americans forced from their communities in Southern California were imprisoned.<\/p>\n<p>A monument will also be part of a traveling exhibit and one will become a permanent exhibit at JANM.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe traditionally think of a monument as an installation like the Vietnam War Memorial, but this list of names is double that or more. If you tried to carve it in granite, you\u2019d need a really large space,\u201d explains Williams. Instead, an artistic light show will show all 125,000 names through a scrolling display.<\/p>\n<p>The design of the monument is inspired by the Ireit\u00c3\u2026\u00c2\u008d, or \u201cSoul Consoling Tower,\u201d a structure built in 1943 by imprisoned Japanese Americans at Manzanar in memory of those who had died in the camp. It still stands in the desert shrub today, soon to be joined by this new memorial to all those who once endured the camps.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/migration-uploads\/Williams_MemorialProject_InStoryC-3763.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"406\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Residents of the Manzanar internment camp built a shrine dubbed \u201cSoul Consoling Tower\u201d to honor those who died in the camp. (Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--section-title\">\n\n    \n  <h2>\n          Related Articles\n      <\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/beyond-disney-a-1616-portrait-of-pocahontas-shows-how-english-colonizers-saw-indigenous-americans\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Beyond Disney: A 1616 portrait of Pocahontas shows how English colonizers saw Indigenous Americans<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/today.usc.edu\/rare-documents-from-national-archives-freedom-plane-tour-draw-history-buffs-and-more-to-usc-fisher-museum\/\" \n         target=\"_blank\"                 class=\"\" \n      >Rare documents from National Archives\u2019 Freedom Plane tour draw history buffs and more to USC<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ucFsgYcxqHQ\" \n         target=\"_blank\"                 class=\"\" \n      >\u2018Trojan Talks\u2019: USC President Beong-Soo Kim talks with Peter Mancall<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A USC Dornsife scholar has completed the first comprehensive list of Japanese Americans sent to \u201crelocation centers.\u201d The list is part of a larger memorial project honoring the victims of President Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019s Executive Order 9066.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,10,24],"tags":[143,71,142],"class_list":["post-544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-and-culture","category-faculty","category-social-impact","tag-faculty","tag-history","tag-shinso-ito-center-for-japanese-religions-and-culture"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Japanese Americans were forcibly imprisoned in camps during World War II. We finally know all their names<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/names-of-japanese-americans-forcibly-imprisoned\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Japanese Americans were forcibly imprisoned in camps during World War II. We finally know all their names\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A USC Dornsife scholar has completed the first comprehensive list of Japanese Americans sent to \u201crelocation centers.\u201d The list is part of a larger memorial project honoring the victims of President Franklin D. 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