{"id":484,"date":"2022-10-25T09:35:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-25T16:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/how-gender-race-age-and-voter-id-laws-affect-whether-a-voter-actually-casts-a-ballot\/"},"modified":"2025-02-15T17:25:24","modified_gmt":"2025-02-16T01:25:24","slug":"whether-a-voter-casts-a-ballot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/whether-a-voter-casts-a-ballot\/","title":{"rendered":"How gender, race, age and voter ID laws affect whether a voter actually casts a\u00a0ballot"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3778-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3778-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"How gender, race, age and voter ID laws affect whether a voter actually casts a\u00a0ballot\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Women are more likely to vote than men, but white women have different voting tendencies than women of color. (Image Source: iStock.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=politics\">Politics<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>How gender, race, age and voter ID laws affect whether a voter actually casts a\u00a0ballot<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Every citizen has the right to vote. But various characteristics and legal requirements affect how likely any one person is to actually cast a ballot.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Jane Junn, John Holbein, Nazita Lajevardi<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">October 25, 2022<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default 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class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>Who shows up to cast a ballot and who is allowed to mark a ballot and have it counted will determine which candidates take office and what issues they focus on.<\/p>\n<p>The Conversation asked three scholars of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciline.org\/elections\/voter-turnout\/#video-transcript\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">different aspects of voter turnout<\/a> for their insights as the election approaches.<\/p>\n<h2>More women vote, and white women vote differently<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Jane Junn, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As the 2022 midterm elections approach, and in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/2022\/06\/the-supreme-court-overturns-roe-v-wade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overturning Roe v. Wade<\/a>, new attention is focused on the role of women voters in U.S. elections. Regarding their turnout, three facts are important to keep in mind.<\/p>\n<p>First, women outnumber men in the electorate. In the 2020 presidential election, <a href=\"https:\/\/cawp.rutgers.edu\/facts\/voters\/gender-differences-voter-turnout#GGN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">women made up 53.1% of voters<\/a> compared with 46.9% of men. This is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/08\/18\/men-and-women-in-the-u-s-continue-to-differ-in-voter-turnout-rate-party-identification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consistent pattern over decades<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Second, the gender gap is also a race gap. Women are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/08\/18\/men-and-women-in-the-u-s-continue-to-differ-in-voter-turnout-rate-party-identification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more likely to support Democratic candidates<\/a> than men, but there are racial and ethnic differences in that overall trend. While Black, Latina, Asian American and other women voters of color are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/opinion\/2020\/12\/02\/how-black-women-organized-voters-secure-joe-bidens-victory-column\/6475054002\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strong supporters of Democrats<\/a>, most white female voters have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2020\/11\/27\/white-women-vote-republican-get-used-it-democrats\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consistently supported Republican Party candidates<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For example, in 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/politics\/2021\/06\/30\/behind-bidens-2020-victory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">53% of white women voted for Donald Trump<\/a> \u2013 compared with 46% who supported President Joe Biden.<\/p>\n<p>Third, every election has a unique electorate. So it\u2019s important to distinguish between voter turnout, where mobilization is key, and the patterns of partisan candidate choice. National patterns of voting in presidential elections are different from state and local election trends. And the contours of the voting public change over time, as young people turn 18 and new citizens register to vote.<\/p>\n<h2>Young voter turnout is low<\/h2>\n<p><strong>John Holbein, University of Virginia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The United States has some of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/10\/08\/upshot\/youth-voting-2020-election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lowest rates of youth voter turnout<\/a> in the world. That\u2019s despite the fact that a dominant majority of young people 18 to 24 years old <a href=\"https:\/\/electionstudies.org\/resources\/anes-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care about politics and public affairs<\/a> and want to participate in politics.<\/p>\n<p>As my collaborator, political scientist <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=znMJcvwAAAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">D. Sunshine Hillygus<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=dGUCrakAAAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I<\/a> describe in our book \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/making-young-voters\/D8A982E9E7C9DAAAE3DF9685F1DFC037\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Making Young Voters<\/a>,\u201d many young people find the process of registering and voting too complex.<\/p>\n<p>There are two ways to address this problem. The first is to revamp civics education to teach young people the skills they need to overcome voting obstacles. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathematica.org\/publications\/can-charter-schools-boost-civic-participation-the-impact-of-democracy-prep-public-schools-on-voting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Democracy Prep Charter School Network<\/a> is a group of schools that structures students\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.democracyprep.org\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entire educational experience<\/a> around \u201ceducating responsible citizen scholars for success in the college of their choice and a life of active citizenship.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The other way is to reform laws to make registration easier and less complex, such as enabling <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/elections-and-campaigns\/electronic-or-online-voter-registration.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online registration<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/elections-and-campaigns\/preregistration-for-young-voters.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preregistration of 16- and 17-year-olds<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/elections-and-campaigns\/same-day-registration.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same-day registration and voting<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Both approaches meaningfully increase youth turnout and would help <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/making-young-voters\/D8A982E9E7C9DAAAE3DF9685F1DFC037\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the next generation of young voters<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Voter ID laws affect turnout unequally<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Nazita Lajevardi, Michigan State University<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In 35 states, voters must <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/elections-and-campaigns\/voter-id.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">provide some form of physical identification<\/a> when they arrive to cast a ballot. In eight of those states, the strictest rules apply, typically requiring voters who arrive without a proper photo ID to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/elections-and-campaigns\/voter-id.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take additional action, such as bring one to the polling place later in the day<\/a>, before their vote will be counted.<\/p>\n<p>These laws make it more difficult for all people to vote, but do so unequally. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1532673X18810012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Black and other voters of color are less likely<\/a> than whites to be able to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/rep.2022.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">afford the material burdens<\/a> of securing qualifying identification, such as even getting to a motor vehicles office to attain the identification required to vote.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/688343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strictest forms<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/716282\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">these laws<\/a> appear to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/turnout-gap\/1B79B19C880A93C462FD1DF22F65DD15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disproportionately affect<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/elj.2018.0536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minority<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0731121420966620\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">voter<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21565503.2020.1773280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">turnout<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Further, research shows that minorities are <a href=\"https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals\/oklrv66&amp;div=5&amp;id=&amp;page=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more likely than whites<\/a> to be asked to actually present their ID at the polls.<\/p>\n<p>And finally, even if voter ID laws are repealed, studies show that their effects last: People who were less likely to have proper ID still don\u2019t show up, even if they don\u2019t need those IDs anymore. That signals voters <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/political-science-research-and-methods\/article\/abs\/durable-differential-deterrent-effects-of-strict-photo-identification-laws\/E97B3308FDA75972A6374EDCD26333BF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">remain confused<\/a> about whether they are allowed to vote, even when the law is clear that they can.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/192559\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jane-junn-1387307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jane Junn<\/a>, USC Associates Chair in Social Sciences; Professor of Political Science and Gender and Sexuality Studies, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/usc-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em>; <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/john-holbein-972573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Holbein<\/a>, Associate Professor of Public Policy, Politics, and Education, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-virginia-752\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Virginia<\/a><\/em>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/nazita-lajevardi-1255587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nazita Lajevardi<\/a>, Associate Professor of Political Science, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/michigan-state-university-1349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michigan State University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-gender-race-age-and-voter-id-laws-affect-whether-a-voter-actually-casts-a-ballot-192559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/jimmy-swaggarts-rise-and-fall-shaped-the-landscape-of-american-televangelism\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Jimmy Swaggart\u2019s rise and fall shaped the landscape of American televangelism<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/today.usc.edu\/the-changing-role-of-courts-in-u-s-politics-qa-with-jeb-barnes\/\" \n         target=\"_blank\"                 class=\"\" \n      >The changing role of courts in U.S. politics: Q&amp;A with Jeb Barnes<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/7-podcasts-for-2022\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >7 top podcasts to listen to in the new year, according to professors who host their own podcasts<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Every citizen has the right to vote. But various characteristics and legal requirements affect how likely any one person is to actually cast a ballot.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":487,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[87,127,108,83],"class_list":["post-484","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-gender-and-sexuality-studies","tag-political-science","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How gender, race, age and voter ID laws affect whether a voter actually casts a\u00a0ballot<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Various characteristics and legal requirements affect how likely any one person is to actually cast a ballot.\" 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