{"id":27449,"date":"2026-04-22T13:20:43","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T20:20:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/?p=27449"},"modified":"2026-04-22T13:22:43","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T20:22:43","slug":"high-school-yearbooks-focus-on-student-fun-but-obscure-pain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/high-school-yearbooks-focus-on-student-fun-but-obscure-pain\/","title":{"rendered":"High school yearbooks focus on the fun students had, obscuring the pain people also\u00a0experienced"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/04\/messner-yearbook-article-hero-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/04\/messner-yearbook-article-hero-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/04\/messner-yearbook-article-hero-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/04\/messner-yearbook-article-hero-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"Sepia-tone image of 9 high school women lined up\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  The Salinas High School (Calif.) girls volleyball team from 1924, as seen in the school\u2019s yearbook, <em>El Gabilan<\/em>.\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=arts-and-culture\">Arts and Culture<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>High school yearbooks focus on the fun students had, obscuring the pain people also\u00a0experienced<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  A review of nearly 100 years of high school yearbooks from Salinas High School in California showcases a nostalgic, not always accurate, version of high school.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n          <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span>Michael A. Messner<\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">April 22, 2026<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m7.43475275 9.52380952-2.17490843 2.26076008c-1.08745421 1.058837-1.68841575 2.518315-1.68841575 4.0350275 0 1.5167124.60096154 2.9475732 1.68841575 4.0350274 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m8.14285714 9.42857143c-.17142857 0-.34285714 0-.51428571.08571428l7.28571427 6.34285719c.3428572.2571428.6857143.2571428.9428572 0l7.2857142-6.34285719c-.0857142-.08571428-.2571428-.08571428-.4285714-.08571428zm-1.28571428 1.11428567v.1714286 8.5714286c0 .6857143.6 1.2857143 1.28571428 1.2857143h14.57142856c.6857143 0 1.2857143-.6 1.2857143-1.2857143v-8.5714286c0-.0857143 0-.0857143 0-.1714286l-7.2 6.3428572c-.7714286.6857143-1.8857143.6857143-2.6571429 0z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(-6 -9)\"\/><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n            <span class=\"a2a_label visually-hidden\">Email<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                  <\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n \n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>High school students will soon take part in a more than <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/pictureshow\/2010\/06\/03\/127412786\/yearbooks?ft=1&amp;f=97635953\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">160-year-old tradition<\/a> in American education: receiving yearbooks at the end of the school year.<\/p>\n<p>In an era of high-speed ephemeral images and social media, some may see high school yearbooks as outdated. But high school and college students have told me that they found it meaningful to look through their yearbooks and inscribe their classmates\u2019 books with personal messages, poems, jokes or simply their signatures.<\/p>\n<p>Many graduates will tuck away their yearbooks \u2014 some to be lost forever, but others to be revisited or rediscovered years or decades later.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=xB3Gi-AAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">As a sociologist<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehighschoolbook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I have studied high school yearbooks<\/a> as time capsules and as a way to understand how youth culture, sports, gender and race relations have changed, or have not changed, over time. Despite their ubiquity, school yearbooks are a largely untapped <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/712676792\/poulson-et-al-2020-racism-on-campus-yearbook-pictures-from-prominent-virginia-colleges-1890-1930\">source for scholarly inquiry<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But <a href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/S\/bo255946783.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as media historian Kate Eichhorn notes<\/a>, people may probe an old high school yearbook to learn more about a mass murderer or to scrutinize whether someone is fit for public office. Some reporters, for example, dug into Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavinaugh\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/09\/24\/business\/brett-kavanaugh-yearbook-renate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1983 high school yearbook<\/a> while he was going through the confirmation process in 2018. His yearbook included a reference to a female student that some boys, including a young Kavanaugh, might have dated or had a sexual relationship with.<\/p>\n<p>But as Eichhorn notes, some scholars seem to dismiss yearbooks as \u201ccringy\u201d documents created by teenagers, or as documents focused on personal nostalgia, unworthy of examination.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=759&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=759&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=759&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=954&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=954&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731460\/original\/file-20260421-71-5x716r.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=954&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"A series of black-and-white photos shows teenagers sitting around tables together and looking at different large papers.\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The Salinas High School yearbook staff of 1938 is seen working to produce their final product for the school year.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michael A. Messner<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>An incomplete picture<\/h2>\n<p>Yearbooks are a limited source for accurately understanding history.<\/p>\n<p>In my 2025 study of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLGaUJgXoc7mRgTnfMQIIKagbjE5FVO1L4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">120 years of high school yearbooks<\/a> from Salinas High School in California, where I graduated from in 1970, I found nary a mention of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Great-Depression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Great Depression<\/a> or the Salinas Valley\u2019s violent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/factories-in-the-field\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agricultural labor strikes<\/a>, which Salinas High alum <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/dubious-battle-california\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Steinbeck wrote about in the 1930s<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Nor did the Salinas High School yearbooks mention the war in Vietnam, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, or the mass social movements that opposed them.<\/p>\n<p>Some yearbooks from the 2000s showed student clubs that addressed violence, substance abuse and LGBTQ+ issues. But over the years, yearbooks have mostly skipped the pain of high school and focused instead on the pleasure.<\/p>\n<p>They shine a spotlight on sports, cheering and public rituals like all-school rallies and homecoming week. Photos and text blurbs celebrate the accomplishments and humorous antics of the \u201cpopular\u201d kids and, at times, the most academically successful students.<\/p>\n<h2>A nostalgic rear window<\/h2>\n<p>It can be reassuring to dive into nostalgic remembering. It\u2019s common for most people to idealize the past and remember it as better than today.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aei.org\/research-products\/report\/the-nostalgia-impulse-how-americans-view-the-past\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Gallup poll<\/a> from 1939 found that 62% of Americans agreed that people were happier and more content a generation earlier. Since then, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aei.org\/research-products\/report\/the-nostalgia-impulse-how-americans-view-the-past\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national polls consistently show<\/a> that most people think fondly about the good old days, and usually think 30 or 40 years ago was a better time than the one they are living today.<\/p>\n<p>We can see this penchant for nostalgia in the Salinas High yearbooks of the late 1970s and 1980s. Students in these yearbooks are seen enjoying 1950s-themed dances echoing popular television shows like \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rutgersuniversitypress.org\/happy-days\/9781978830547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Happy Days<\/a>\u201d that idealized 50s culture.<\/p>\n<p>In analyzing high school yearbooks of the past, I tried to not sidestep nostalgia \u2014 probably impossible to do anyway \u2014 but to consciously deploy an idea called critical nostalgia. This means acknowledging the pleasures of looking back in time, while remaining attentive to the ways that schools too often worsen, rather than challenge, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/nice-is-not-enough\/hardcover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inequalities among students<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>A double focus<\/h2>\n<p>Taking on a critical nostalgia lens requires a double focus \u2014 first, looking at what high school yearbooks routinely illuminate, like football rallies and cheerleaders. It also means identifying what American writer and activist <a href=\"https:\/\/feministpress.org\/products\/9781558614406-silences\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tillie Olsen once called \u201cunnatural silences<\/a>,\u201d like the voices, imagery and activities of marginalized students who have been left outside the frame.<\/p>\n<p>Two examples from the Salinas High School yearbooks illustrate this approach.<\/p>\n<p>Someone looking at Salinas editions from the early 1900s might be surprised to see girls baseball, track and field, volleyball and basketball teams engaged in interscholastic competition.<\/p>\n<p>Yearbook photos show girls wearing school sports uniforms and being treated with respect.<\/p>\n<p>By the early 1930s, girls sports teams disappeared from the yearbooks, absorbed into the Girls\u2019 Athletic Association, a recently formed organization that was based on the idea that competition and vigorous exercise was unhealthy for girls.<\/p>\n<p>For nearly half a century after the creation of the Girls\u2019 Athletic Association, photos of girls playing sports were accompanied by captions that disparaged their athletic abilities.<\/p>\n<p>In the mid-1970s, when competitive girls sports teams were reinstated at Salinas, the yearbooks started to give them more equitable and respectful treatment.<\/p>\n<p>This history shows an uneven picture of social change, as changes in girls sports were driven by the waxing and waning of <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ssj.28.2.151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20th-century women\u2019s rights movements<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=432&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=432&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=432&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=542&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=542&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/731461\/original\/file-20260421-85-b0r3lu.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=542&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"Two black-and-white photos show large groups of Japanese teenagers posing together in a formal class photo.\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The Japanese Students\u2019 Club at Salinas High School is seen in the 1941 yearbook.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michael A. Messner<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The spring 1941 and 1942 Salinas High School yearbooks, meanwhile, showed scores of Japanese American students \u2014 about 14% of the student body at the time \u2014 fully integrated into nearly all aspects of student life.<\/p>\n<p>But by the time the yearbook was distributed in the spring of 1942, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/phr.2024.93.3.534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Japanese American students<\/a> had been sent with their families to the Salinas Rodeo Grounds, where they were temporarily housed in converted horse stalls.<\/p>\n<p>They were later transferred for the duration of World War II to an internment camp in Poston, Arizona.<\/p>\n<p>The 1943 yearbook showed zero Japanese American students, nor did the editors of the book mention how or why their classmates had disappeared from campus.<\/p>\n<p>For today\u2019s Salinas students, reading their school\u2019s old yearbooks against the backdrop of this history can help them to explore questions about how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/One-Long-Night-History-Concentration\/dp\/0316303593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the legacy of racial and ethnic removal and detention is echoing<\/a> in their community and country today.<\/p>\n<h2>A starting point for understanding history<\/h2>\n<p>It\u2019s not just Salinas High students who might benefit from reading their school\u2019s past yearbooks. I have spoken with a handful of professors who are guiding their students into their university\u2019s archive of yearbooks to explore race and gender relations in their own community.<\/p>\n<p>Students discover that the size, content and organization of school yearbooks have shifted over time. But the books are a rich starting point for a group exploration of how schools create a pleasurable collective identity \u2014 for some, at least \u2014 while simultaneously shaping and celebrating students\u2019 division and inequalities.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/280910\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/michael-a-messner-516084\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael A Messner<\/a>, Professor Emeritus of <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/soci\/\">Sociology<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/usc-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/high-school-yearbooks-focus-on-the-fun-students-had-obscuring-the-pain-people-also-experienced-280910\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A review of nearly 100 years of high school yearbooks from Salinas High School in California showcases a nostalgic, not always accurate, version of high school.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":27453,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[87,90,83],"class_list":["post-27449","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-and-culture","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-sociology","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - 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