{"id":25724,"date":"2025-11-05T13:40:04","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T21:40:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/?p=25724"},"modified":"2026-03-17T14:40:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-17T21:40:07","slug":"bad-bunny-and-puerto-rican-muslims-both-remix-what-it-means-to-be-boricua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/bad-bunny-and-puerto-rican-muslims-both-remix-what-it-means-to-be-boricua\/","title":{"rendered":"Bad Bunny and Puerto Rican Muslims: How both remix what it means to be\u00a0Boricua"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/11\/chitwood-top-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/11\/chitwood-top-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/11\/chitwood-top-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/11\/chitwood-top-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"Photo of Mezquita Al-Madinah in Hatillo, Puerto Rico.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  The Mezquita Al-Madinah in Hatillo, Puerto Rico, about an hour west of San Juan, is one of several mosques and Islamic centers on the island. (Photo Courtesy: Ken Chitwood)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=arts-and-culture\">Arts and Culture<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Bad Bunny and Puerto Rican Muslims: How both remix what it means to be\u00a0Boricua<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Similar to Bad Bunny\u2019s music, Puerto Rican Muslims\u2019 lives challenge how we think about race, religion and belonging in the Americas.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Ken Chitwood<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">November 5, 2025<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m7.43475275 9.52380952-2.17490843 2.26076008c-1.08745421 1.058837-1.68841575 2.518315-1.68841575 4.0350275 0 1.5167124.60096154 2.9475732 1.68841575 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class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n<p>Bad Bunny, born Benito Antonio Mart\u00ednez Ocasio, is more than a global music phenomenon; he\u2019s a bona fide <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/who-gets-to-brand-puerto-rico-its-tourism-agency-or-its-biggest-star-248825\">symbol of Puerto Rico<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thefader.com\/2018\/08\/28\/bad-bunny-cover-story-conejo-malo-interview\">church choir boy<\/a> turned \u201cKing of Latin Trap\u201d has songs, style and swagger that reflect the island\u2019s mix of <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/puerto-ricans-unite-against-rossello-and-more-than-a-decade-of-cultural-trauma-121085\">pride, pain and creative resilience<\/a>. His music mixes reggaet\u00f3n beats with the sounds of Puerto Rican history and everyday life, where devotion and defiance often live side by side.<\/p>\n<p>Bad Bunny has been called one of Puerto Rico\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dukeupress.edu\/p-fkn-r\">loudest and proudest voices<\/a>.\u201d Songs like \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1TCX_Aqzoo4\">El Apag\u00f3n<\/a>\u201d \u2013 \u201cThe Blackout\u201d \u2013 celebrate joy and protest together, honoring everyday acts of resistance to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/puerto-rico-has-been-part-of-the-us-for-125-years-but-its-future-remains-contested-209171\">colonial rule<\/a> and injustice in Puerto Rican life. Others, <a href=\"https:\/\/centropr.hunter.cuny.edu\/publications\/nuevayol-afterimages-for-the-diaspora\/\">like \u201cNUEVAYoL<\/a>,\u201d celebrate the sounds and vibrancy of its diaspora \u2013 especially in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/classroom-materials\/immigration\/puerto-rican-cuban\/in-spanish-harlem\/\">New York City<\/a>. Some songs, like \u201cRLNDT,\u201d mention <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nomos-elibrary.de\/en\/document\/view\/detail\/uuid\/40f3df40-798d-3941-b75b-9a314002ef30\">spiritual searching<\/a> \u2013 featuring allusions to his own Catholic upbringing, sacred and secular divides, New Age astrology and Spiritism.<\/p>\n<p>As <a href=\"https:\/\/crcc.usc.edu\/people\/ken-chitwood\/\">a scholar of religion<\/a> who recently wrote <a href=\"https:\/\/utpress.utexas.edu\/9781477332443\/\">a book about Puerto Rican Muslims<\/a>, I find echoes of that same strength and artistry in their stories. Although marginalized among Muslims, Puerto Ricans and other U.S. citizens, they find fresh ways to express their cultural heritage and practice their faith, creating new communities and connections along the way. Similar to Bad Bunny\u2019s music, Puerto Rican Muslims\u2019 lives challenge how we think about race, religion and belonging in the Americas.<\/p>\n<h2>Stories of struggle<\/h2>\n<p>There are no exact numbers, but before recent crises, Puerto Rico \u2013 an archipelago of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/datasets\/time-series\/demo\/popest\/2020s-detail-puerto-rico.html\">3.2. million people<\/a> \u2013 had about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thearda.com\/world-religion\/national-profiles?u=182c\">3,500 to 5,000 Muslims<\/a>, many of them Palestinian. Economic hardship, natural disasters such as hurricanes Irma and Maria, and government neglect have since <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/puerto-rico-exodus-after-hurricane-maria-cbsn-originals\/\">forced many to leave<\/a>, however.<\/p>\n<p>As of 2017, there were also an estimated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raceandreligion.com\/JRER\/Volume_8_(2017)_files\/Espinosa%208%201.pdf\">11,000 to 15,400<\/a> Puerto Rican Muslims among the nearly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/race-and-ethnicity\/fact-sheet\/us-hispanics-facts-on-puerto-rican-origin-latinos\/\">6 million Puerto Ricans<\/a> and nearly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2025\/06\/18\/how-us-muslims-compare-with-other-americans-religiously-and-demographically\/\">4 million Muslims<\/a> in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Like any Puerto Rican, these Muslims know the struggles of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/noticias-america-latina-40178522\">colonialism\u2019s ongoing impact<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/21\/opinion\/puerto-rico-blackout.html\">from blackouts<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/marketing-a-devastated-puerto-rico-should-not-be-the-priority-85231\">economic inequality<\/a> to racism. For example, in the viral 23-minute video for \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1TCX_Aqzoo4\">El Apag\u00f3n<\/a>,\u201d journalist Bianca Graulau outlines how tax incentives for external investors are displacing locals \u2013 a theme reinforced in Bad Bunny\u2019s later song, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KMqquh3E4NE\">Lo Que Le Pas\u00f3 a Hawaii<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"video-embed\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1TCX_Aqzoo4?wmode=transparent&amp;start=250\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" title=\"Bad Bunny - El Apag\u00f3n - Aqu\u00ed Vive Gente (Official Video) | Un Verano Sin Ti\"><\/iframe><\/div><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Converts to Islam also face unique challenges \u2013 and not just Islamophobia. Many are told they are \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/373111093_Resena_J_F_Caraballo_Resto_2019_Islam_en_Puerto_Rico_o_Islam_de_Puerto_Rico_Practicas_identarias_entre_conversosas_al_Islam_en_Puerto_Rico_Ambitos_de_Encuentros_122_7-29_En_El_Sol_631_50-51\">not real Puerto Ricans<\/a>\u201d because of their newfound faith. Some are treated as foreigners in their own families and friend groups, often asked whether they are abandoning their culture to \u201cbecome Arab.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To be a Puerto Rican Muslim, then, is to negotiate being and belonging at numerous intersections of diversity and difference.<\/p>\n<p>Still, some connect their Muslim identity to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/florida\/9780813060132.003.0006\">moments in Puerto Rican history<\/a>. In interviews, they told me how they identify with Muslims who <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt1btc5zt\">came with Spanish conquistadors<\/a> during colonial times. Others draw inspiration from <a href=\"https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/essays\/black-muslims-in-the-americas-an-enduring-legacy\/\">enslaved Africans<\/a> brought to the Caribbean. Many of them were Muslim and resisted their condition in ways large and small: fleeing to the forest to pray, for example, or living as \u201cmaroons\u201d \u2013 people who escaped and formed their own communities.<\/p>\n<h2>Many ways to be Puerto Rican<\/h2>\n<p>Puerto Rican culture cannot be neatly mapped onto a single tradition. The archipelago\u2019s religion, music and art blend together influences from Indigenous Ta\u00edno, African, Spanish and American cultures. Religious processions pass by cars blasting reggaet\u00f3n. Shrines to Our Lady of Divine Providence stand beside U.S. chain restaurants and murals demanding independence.<\/p>\n<p>Bad Bunny embodies this fusion. He is rebellious yet rooted, irreverent yet deeply Puerto Rican. His music blends contemporary sounds from reggaet\u00f3n and Latin trap with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Made-in-Puerto-Rico-Studies-in-Popular-Music\/Viera-Vargas-Ruiz-Caraballo-Montes-Pizarro-Bofill-Calero-Allende-Goitia\/p\/book\/9781032157955\">traditional \u201cbomba y plena<\/a>.\u201d It all adds up to something distinctly \u201cBoricua,\u201d a term for Puerto Ricans drawn from the Indigenous Ta\u00edno name for the island, \u201cBorik\u00e9n.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Puerto Rican Muslims wrestle with what it means to be authentically Boricua, though. In particular, their lives reveal how religion is both a boundary and a bridge: defining belonging while creating new ways to imagine it.<\/p>\n<p>Since Spanish colonization in the 1500s, most Puerto Ricans have been Roman Catholic. But over the past two centuries, many other Christian groups have arrived, including Seventh-day Adventists, Lutherans and Pentecostals. Today, more than half of Puerto Ricans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2017\/03\/29\/key-findings-about-puerto-rico\/\">identify as Catholic<\/a> and about one-third as Protestant.<\/p>\n<p>Alongside these traditions, Afro-Caribbean traditions such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.popsugar.com\/identity\/how-hard-times-helped-me-reclaim-power-santeri-49398004\">Santer\u00eda<\/a>, Espiritismo and <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com.jm\/books?id=RrGvlOop5BUC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q=Santerismo&amp;f=false\">Santerismo<\/a> \u2013 a mix of the two \u2013 remain active. There are also small communities of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/puerto-rico-virtual-jewish-history-tour\">Jews<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22134360-bja10004\">Rastafari<\/a> and Muslims.<\/p>\n<p>Even with this diversity, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/373111093_Resena_J_F_Caraballo_Resto_2019_Islam_en_Puerto_Rico_o_Islam_de_Puerto_Rico_Practicas_identarias_entre_conversosas_al_Islam_en_Puerto_Rico_Ambitos_de_Encuentros_122_7-29_En_El_Sol_631_50-51\">converts to Islam<\/a> are sometimes accused of betraying their culture. One young man told me that when he became Muslim, his mother said he had not only betrayed Christ but also \u201cour culture.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Yet Puerto Rican Muslims point to <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&amp;context=cas_llc_scholar\">Arabic influences<\/a> in Spanish words. They celebrate traces of Islamic design in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kenchitwood.com\/blog\/2021\/3\/30\/no-victor-but-allah-the-islamic-built-legacy-of-puerto-rico\">colonial and revival architecture<\/a> that reflects Muslims\u2019 multicentury presence in Spain, from the 700s until the fall of the last Muslim kingdom in Granada in 1492. They also cook up <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaarel\/lfad003\">halal versions<\/a> of classic Puerto Rican dishes.<\/p>\n<p>Like Bad Bunny, these converts remix what it means to be Puerto Rican, showing how Puerto Rico\u2019s sense of identity \u2013 or \u201cpuertorrique\u00f1idad\u201d \u2013 is not exclusively Christian, but complex and constantly evolving.<\/p>\n<h2>In solidarity<\/h2>\n<p>Many Puerto Rican converts frame their faith as a counternarrative, rejecting the Christianity imposed by Spanish colonizers. They also resist Islamophobia, racism and foreign domination, with some converts <a href=\"https:\/\/utpress.utexas.edu\/9781477332443\/\">drawn to the religion<\/a> as a way to oppose these forces. Similar to Bad Bunny\u2019s music, which often <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wuwm.com\/bad-bunny-puerto-ricos-history-of-colonization-wisconsin-professor\">critiques colonialism and social constraints<\/a>, they push back against systems that try to define who they can be.<\/p>\n<p>To that end, Puerto Rican Muslims also build connections with other groups facing injustice. In reggaet\u00f3n terms, they form their own \u201ccorillos\u201d \u2013 groups of friends \u2013 united by shared struggles.<\/p>\n<p>They demonstrate <a href=\"https:\/\/therevealer.org\/from-puerto-rico-to-palestine-with-solidarity\/\">on behalf of Palestinians<\/a>, seeing them as another colonized people without a nation. The first Latino Muslim organization, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.de\/books\/about\/Alianza_Islamica.html?id=TsarzgEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\">Alianza Isl\u00e1mica<\/a> \u2013 founded by Puerto Rican converts in 1987 \u2013 emerged out of the era\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780190852603.003.0002\">push for minorities\u2019 rights<\/a> around the New York City metro area. And after the 2016 Pulse Nightclub shooting, where <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2016\/jun\/14\/latino-hispanic-orlando-shooting-victims\">about half of the 49 victims<\/a> killed were Puerto Rican, and the mosque attended by the shooter was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/mosque-pulse-nightclub-shooter-omar-mateen-set-fire\">intentionally set on fire<\/a>, Boricua Muslims joined with LGBTQ+, Muslim and Latino communities to grieve and demand justice.<\/p>\n<p>In these ways, Puerto Rican Muslims remind me that notions of community, identity or justice do not stand on their own. For many people, they are linked \u2013 parts of the same fight for dignity and freedom.<\/p>\n<p>That is why, when I <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/playlist\/7po6zOdVXwilLAuhRnJd1Y?si=a72ffc8be14c49bb&amp;nd=1&amp;dlsi=7e7d3a167aa94cb2\">listen to songs<\/a> like \u201cNUEVAYoL\u201d or \u201cEl Apag\u00f3n,\u201d I think of the Puerto Rican Muslims I know in places such as Puerto Rico, Florida, New Jersey, Texas and New York. Their stories, like Bad Bunny\u2019s music, show how being Puerto Rican today means constantly negotiating who you are and where you belong. And that religion, like music, can carry the sound of struggle \u2013 but also the hope of one day overcoming the injustices and inequalities of everyday life.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/267164\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/ken-chitwood-160245\">Ken Chitwood<\/a>, Affiliate Researcher, Religion and Civic Culture Center, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/usc-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\">USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em>; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/bayreuth-university-1673\">Bayreuth University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/bad-bunny-and-puerto-rican-muslims-how-both-remix-what-it-means-to-be-boricua-267164\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/from-bodice-rippers-to-romantasy-romance-novels-are-dominating-the-book-market\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >From bodice rippers to romantasy, romance novels are dominating the book market \u2013 and rewriting women\u2019s sexual\u00a0power<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/jimmy-swaggarts-rise-and-fall-shaped-the-landscape-of-american-televangelism\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Jimmy Swaggart\u2019s rise and fall shaped the landscape of American televangelism<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/us-catholics-at-a-crossroads-sociologist-explains\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >No matter who the next pope is, US Catholics stand \u2018at a crossroads\u2019 \u2212 a sociologist explains<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Similar to Bad Bunny\u2019s music, Puerto Rican Muslims\u2019 lives challenge how we think about race, religion and belonging in the Americas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":25732,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[87,104],"class_list":["post-25724","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-and-culture","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-religion"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bad Bunny and Puerto Rican Muslims: How both remix what it means to be\u00a0Boricua<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Similar to Bad Bunny\u2019s music, Puerto Rican Muslims\u2019 lives challenge how we think about race, religion and belonging in the Americas.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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