{"id":2248,"date":"2020-10-14T09:42:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-14T16:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/what-happens-when-senators-die-or-are-incapacitated\/"},"modified":"2024-05-20T18:52:58","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T01:52:58","slug":"what-happens-with-incapacitated-senators","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/what-happens-with-incapacitated-senators\/","title":{"rendered":"What happens when senators die or are incapacitated?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                          \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3334-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3334-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3334-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3334-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"What happens when senators die or are incapacitated?\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  The Senate wing of the U.S. Capitol building. (Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:US_Capitol_from_NW.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">Matt H. Wade via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=faculty\">Faculty<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>What happens when senators die or are incapacitated?<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  This is not the first time that, in the last year of a Republican president\u2019s first term, a Republican senator in bad health threatened the party\u2019s narrow majority in the Senate. <strong>[4\u00bd min read]<\/strong>\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Nicholas G. Napolio and Christian Grose<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">October 14, 2020<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m7.43475275 9.52380952-2.17490843 2.26076008c-1.08745421 1.058837-1.68841575 2.518315-1.68841575 4.0350275 0 1.5167124.60096154 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m8.14285714 9.42857143c-.17142857 0-.34285714 0-.51428571.08571428l7.28571427 6.34285719c.3428572.2571428.6857143.2571428.9428572 0l7.2857142-6.34285719c-.0857142-.08571428-.2571428-.08571428-.4285714-.08571428zm-1.28571428 1.11428567v.1714286 8.5714286c0 .6857143.6 1.2857143 1.28571428 1.2857143h14.57142856c.6857143 0 1.2857143-.6 1.2857143-1.2857143v-8.5714286c0-.0857143 0-.0857143 0-.1714286l-7.2 6.3428572c-.7714286.6857143-1.8857143.6857143-2.6571429 0z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(-6 -9)\"\/><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n            <span class=\"a2a_label visually-hidden\">Email<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                  <\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n \n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>What happens if U.S. senators get sick or, even worse, if they die? It\u2019s happened before \u2013 and our research shows that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholasnapolio.com\/s\/Napolio-Grose-Crossing-Over.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national policies, and even the course of history, can change as a result<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>At least three U.S. Republican senators have recently tested positive for COVID-19, raising the grim prospect that other senators could be infected, too. At the moment, the affected senators \u2013 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/04\/15\/833692377\/how-the-coronavirus-has-affected-individual-members-of-congress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">several others who tested negative<\/a> \u2013 are quarantining and say they don\u2019t have symptoms, but they can\u2019t participate in Senate votes, which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2020\/10\/05\/yes-senate-republicans-could-still-confirm-barrett-before-election\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">must be in person<\/a>. Should they become ill, they may be unable to participate in other aspects of Senate business, such as floor debates or even remote meetings. That could erode the Republicans\u2019 slim majority in the Senate.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/10\/08\/politics\/mitch-mcconnell-donald-trump-coronavirus-protocols\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Two younger Republican senators tested positive earlier in 2020<\/a> and are back on official duty.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/migration-uploads\/file-20201008-18-ntroe4-3334.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"201\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three Republican senators have tested positive for the coronavirus: From left, Mike Lee of Utah, Thom Tillis of North Carolina and Ron Johnson of Wisconsin. The Conversation, via U.S. Senate (Photo: Courtesy of <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a>.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At the moment, there are seven senators who are 80 or older, including Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley, who is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/minute\/Presidential_Succession_Act.htm\">third in the line<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cop.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/briefing\/President_Pro_Tempore.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presidential succession<\/a> after the vice president and speaker of the House. More than a quarter of the Senate is 65 or older, including both Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Kentucky Republican, who is 78, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, a New York Democrat, who is 69.<\/p>\n<p>This is not the first time that, in the last year of a Republican president\u2019s first term, a Republican senator in bad health threatened the party\u2019s narrow majority in the Senate. It happened in the 1950s too.<\/p>\n<h2>A shift in power<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/migration-uploads\/file-20201008-14-100kejc-3334.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"438\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nebraska Republican Dwight Griswold, whose death in 1954 gave control of the U.S. Senate to the Democratic Party. (Photo: Courtesy of <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dwight_P._Griswold_(1893%E2%80%931954).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United States Senate Historical Office via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When senators elected to the 83rd Congress were seated in 1953, Republicans held a two-seat majority in the 96-member chamber, including support from the lone independent, Wayne Morse of Oregon. Over the next two years, nine senators died, mostly of heart attacks and strokes. While each deceased senator was replaced, not all new senators were members of the same party as the lawmaker they replaced.<\/p>\n<p>By April 1954 three Republicans and one Democrat had died, handing majority control to the Democrats. It happened when Sen. Dwight Griswold of Nebraska died unexpectedly of a heart attack. Republican leader William Knowland of California remarked: \u201cI [now] have the responsibilities of being the majority leader in this body without having a majority.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sen. Lyndon Johnson of Texas was the Democratic leader. When Griswold died, Johnson suddenly had more Democratic votes than Republican votes on the Senate floor for the first time, though he did not take on the formal title of majority leader.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"VLtE8\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/VLtE8\/1\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>The Democrats make their move<\/h2>\n<p>Our research study, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nicholasnapolio.com\/s\/Napolio-Grose-Crossing-Over.pdf\">Crossing Over: Majority Party Control Affects Legislator Behavior and the Agenda<\/a>,\u201d showed these health-induced vacancies affected the Senate in dramatic ways. We studied roll call voting on the floor to see how things changed.<\/p>\n<p>During the period of Republican control, most bills reflected Republican policy priorities. For example, in late March 1954 the Senate passed a bill to reduce excise taxes. Even as senators unexpectedly died and were replaced, the Republican Party maintained a continually shrinking majority. Before Griswold\u2019s death handed power to Democrats, Republican leadership was able to pass legislation preferred by the GOP.<\/p>\n<p>However, starting in April 1954, Senate Democrats had the power and brought to a vote bills that a majority of Republicans did not favor. For example, the Senate considered a proposal from a Democratic senator that gave labor organizations and unions more power to represent workers. The amendment passed with a slim majority, thanks to Democratic control.<\/p>\n<p>Democratic control affected many pieces of legislation. Our analysis found that during the period of Republican control, Democratic senators were on the losing side of 52% of votes. But when Democrats took over, they were on the winning side of 61% of the votes. In other words, Democrats were able to pass their preferred bills when Republicans lost majority control.<\/p>\n<p>This 1950s-era Senate was a shocking one for the American public, with the loss of so many in the upper chamber. While death is unpredictable, even small shifts in the partisan makeup of a legislature can change which party runs the show. Senators \u2013 when empowered as the majority party \u2013 took advantage of even temporary vacancies to push through policies favored by their party.<\/p>\n<p>As Wisconsin Republican Sen. Ron Johnson remarked in March while advocating for the reopening of the economy, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/gop-senator-open-economy-coronavirus-death-unavoidable-part-johnson-life-2020-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Death is an unavoidable part of life<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Johnson, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/trump-lee-tillis-congress-reconsiders-testing-its-own\/2020\/10\/02\/309d84a0-0516-11eb-b92e-029676f9ebec_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">along with two other Republican senators<\/a>, tested positive for COVID-19 in early October and they are all quarantining \u2013 and possibly not voting \u2013 during that time. Our research shows that if these senators can\u2019t participate in the Senate\u2019s business, Republicans may not be able to pass what they desire.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/147788\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/nicholas-g-napolio-1164850\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nicholas G. Napolio<\/a>, Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-southern-california-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Southern California \u2013 Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/christian-grose-1139631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Christian Grose<\/a>, Associate Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-southern-california-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Southern California \u2013 Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-happens-when-senators-die-or-are-incapacitated-147788\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is not the first time that, in the last year of a Republican president\u2019s first term, a Republican senator in bad health threatened the party\u2019s narrow majority in the Senate. <strong>[4\u00bd min read]<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,17],"tags":[405,120,200,108,583,404],"class_list":["post-2248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty","category-student","tag-christian-grose","tag-elections","tag-government","tag-political-science","tag-public-policy","tag-senate"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What happens when senators die or are incapacitated?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/what-happens-with-incapacitated-senators\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What happens when senators die or are incapacitated?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This is not the first time that, in the last year of a Republican president\u2019s first term, a Republican senator in bad health threatened the party\u2019s narrow majority in the Senate. [4\u00bd min read]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/what-happens-with-incapacitated-senators\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"USC Dornsife News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/uscdornsife\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-10-14T16:42:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-05-21T01:52:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3334-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Michael Liu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@uscdornsife\" \/>\n<meta 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