{"id":20880,"date":"2024-08-01T15:03:06","date_gmt":"2024-08-01T22:03:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/?p=20880"},"modified":"2024-08-05T15:38:29","modified_gmt":"2024-08-05T22:38:29","slug":"new-nova-event-will-appear-in-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/new-nova-event-will-appear-in-2024\/","title":{"rendered":"A new \u2018guest star\u2019 will appear in the sky in 2024 \u2212 a space scientist explains how nova events work and where to look"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/08\/Peroomian_TCB_Top-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/08\/Peroomian_TCB_Top-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/08\/Peroomian_TCB_Top-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/08\/Peroomian_TCB_Top-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"An artist's depiction of two stars, one with bright rings and a cloud of gas swirling around it in space.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  An illustration of a white dwarf star producing a nova by siphoning material from a red giant star. (Image source: NASA\/Conceptual Image Lab\/Goddard Space Flight Center.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=science-and-technology\">Science and Technology<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>A new \u2018guest star\u2019 will appear in the sky in 2024 \u2212 a space scientist explains how nova events work and where to look<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Your favorite TV show isn\u2019t the only place where guest stars might appear. Keep an eye on the sky for the second half of 2024 and you might be able to witness a rare astronomical event.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Vahe Peroomian<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">August 1, 2024<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              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cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>The stars aren\u2019t fixed and unchanging, unlike what many ancient people thought. Once in a while, a star appears where there wasn\u2019t one before, and then it fades away in a matter of days or weeks.<\/p>\n<p>The earliest record of such a \u201cguest star,\u201d named so by ancient Chinese astronomers, is a star that suddenly appeared in skies around the world on July 4, 1054. It quickly brightened, becoming visible even during the day for the next <a href=\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/clusters-nebulae-galaxies\/crab-nebula-was-an-exploding-star\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23 days<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Astronomers in Japan, China and the Middle East observed this event, <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.hao.ucar.edu\/education\/prehistoric-southwest\/supernova-pictograph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as did the Anasazi<\/a> in what is now New Mexico.<\/p>\n<p>In the second half of 2024, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/nova-astronomy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nova explosion<\/a> in the star system called T Coronae Borealis, or T CrB, will once again be visible to people on Earth. T CrB will appear 1,500 times brighter than usual, but it won\u2019t be as spectacular as the event in 1054.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/609496\/original\/file-20240725-17-klnxl9.jpg\" alt=\"A medieval illustration of a man looking at and pointing at a star bright in the sky over a town.\" width=\"200\" height=\"255\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Art depicts the Roman Emperor Henry III viewing the supernova explosion of 1054.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/profile\/vahe-peroomian\/\">I am a space scientist<\/a> with a passion for teaching physics and astronomy. I love photographing the night sky and astronomical events, including eclipses, meteor showers and once-in-a-lifetime astronomical events such as the T CrB nova. T CrB will become, at best, the 50th brightest star in the night sky \u2014 brighter than only half the stars in the Big Dipper. It might take some effort to find, but if you have the time, you\u2019ll witness a rare event.<\/p>\n<h2>What is a nova?<\/h2>\n<p>In 1572, the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed a new star in the constellation Cassiopeia. After reporting the event in his <a href=\"https:\/\/library.harvard.edu\/exhibits\/tycho-brahes-new-star\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">work \u201cDe Nova Stella,\u201d or \u201cOn the New Star,\u201d<\/a> astronomers came to associate the word nova with stellar explosions.<\/p>\n<p>Stars, regardless of size, spend <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/universe\/stars\/types\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90% of their lives<\/a> fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores. How a star\u2019s life ends, though, depends on the mass of the star. Very massive stars \u2014 those more than eight times the mass of our Sun \u2014 explode in <a href=\"https:\/\/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov\/science\/objects\/supernovae2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dramatic supernova<\/a> explosions, like the ones people observed in 1054 and 1572.<\/p>\n<p>In lower mass stars, including our Sun, once the hydrogen in the core is exhausted, the star expands into what astronomers call a red giant. The red giant is hundreds of times its original size and more unstable. Eventually, all that is left is a <a href=\"https:\/\/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov\/science\/objects\/dwarfs2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">white dwarf<\/a> \u2014 an Earth-sized remnant made up of carbon and oxygen. White dwarves are a hundred thousand times denser than diamond. Unless they\u2019re part of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/binary-star\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">binary star system<\/a>, where two stars orbit each other, they slowly fade in brightness over billions of years and eventually disappear from sight.<\/p>\n<p>T CrB is a binary star system \u2014 it\u2019s made up of a <a href=\"https:\/\/esahubble.org\/wordbank\/red-giant\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">red giant<\/a> and a white dwarf, which orbit each other every 228 days at about half the distance between Earth and the Sun. The red giant is nearing the end of its life, so it has expanded dramatically, and it\u2019s feeding material into a rotating disk of matter called an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/accretion-disk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accretion disk<\/a>, which surrounds the white dwarf.<\/p>\n<p>Matter from the accretion disk, which is made mostly of hydrogen, spirals in and slowly accumulates on the surface of the white dwarf. Over time, this blanket of hydrogen becomes thicker and denser, until its temperature exceeds 18 million degrees Fahrenheit (10 million degrees Celsius).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/svs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/11641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A nova<\/a> is a <a href=\"https:\/\/tunl.duke.edu\/nuclear-astrophysics\/novae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">runaway thermonuclear reaction<\/a> similar to the detonation of a hydrogen bomb. Once the accretion disk gets hot enough, a nova occurs where the hydrogen ignites, gets blown outward and emits bright light.<\/p>\n<h2>When will it occur?<\/h2>\n<p>Astronomers know of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aavso.org\/recurrent-nova-science-tasks-observers-worldwide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 recurrent novae<\/a> \u2014 stars that have undergone nova explosions more than once. T CrB is the most famous of these. It erupts on average every 80 years.<\/p>\n<p>Because T CrB is 2,630 light-years from Earth, it takes light 2,630 years to travel the distance from T CrB to Earth. The nova we will see later this year occurred over 2,000 years ago, but its light will be just reaching us later this year.<\/p>\n<p>The accretion of hydrogen on the surface of the white dwarf is like sand in an 80-year hourglass. Each time a nova occurs and the hydrogen ignites, the white dwarf itself is unaffected, but the surface of the white dwarf is wiped clean of hydrogen. Soon after, hydrogen begins accreting on the surface of the white dwarf again: The hourglass flips, and the 80-year countdown to the next nova begins anew.<\/p>\n<p>Careful observations during its past two novae in 1866 and 1946 showed that T CrB became slightly brighter about 10 years before the nova was visible from Earth. Then, it briefly dimmed. Although scientists aren\u2019t sure what causes these brightness changes, this pattern has repeated, with a brightening in 2015 and a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aavso.org\/news\/t-crb-pre-eruption-dip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dimming in March 2023<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Based on these observations, scientists predict the nova will be visible to us sometime in 2024.<\/p>\n<h2>How bright will it be?<\/h2>\n<p>Astronomers use a <a href=\"https:\/\/spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov\/stars\/5Page10.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">magnitude system<\/a> first devised by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Hipparchus-Greek-astronomer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hipparchus of Nicaea<\/a> more than 2,100 years ago to classify the brightness of stars. In this system, a difference of 5 in magnitude signifies a change by a factor of 100 in brightness. The smaller the magnitude, the brighter the star.<\/p>\n<p>In dark skies, the human eye can see stars as dim as magnitude 6. Ordinarily, the visible light we receive from T CrB comes entirely from its red giant, a magnitude 10 star barely visible with binoculars.<\/p>\n<p>During the nova event, the white dwarf\u2019s exploding hydrogen envelope <a href=\"https:\/\/starwalk.space\/en\/news\/t-coronae-borealis-nova-star-exploding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will brighten to a magnitude 2 or 3<\/a>. It will briefly become the brightest star in its home constellation, Corona Borealis. This maximum brightness will last only several hours, and T CrB will fade from visibility with the naked eye in a matter of days.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/610383\/original\/file-20240730-23-li92u7.jpg\" alt=\"A map showing constellations, with T CrB circled above the bright star Arcturus.\" width=\"900\" height=\"516\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What the Los Angeles sky will look like on, as an example, Aug. 15, 2024, at 10 p.m. local time. The view will be very similar across the U.S., but T CrB will get closer and closer to the horizon and will be halfway between where it\u2019s shown here and the horizon by early September. By early October, it will be right on the horizon. (Image: Vah\u00e9 Peroomian\/Stellarium.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Where to look<\/h2>\n<p>Corona Borealis is not a prominent constellation. It\u2019s nestled <a href=\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/constellations\/bootes-the-herdsman-arcturus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">above Bootes<\/a> and to the west <a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/ursa-major-constellation-great-bear\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of Ursa Major<\/a>, home to the Big Dipper, in northern skies.<\/p>\n<p>To locate the constellation, look due west and find <a href=\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/brightest-stars\/bright-orange-arcturus-use-the-big-dipper-to-find-it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arcturus, the brightest star<\/a> in that region of the sky. Then look about halfway between the horizon and zenith \u2014 the point directly above you \u2014 at 10 p.m. local time in North America.<\/p>\n<p>Corona Borealis is approximately 20 degrees above Arcturus. That\u2019s about the span of one hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the pinky, at arm\u2019s length. At its brightest, T CrB will be brighter than all the stars in Corona Borealis, but not as bright as Arcturus.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"A once-in-a-lifetime star explosion is coming | BBC Global\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4FWiaWlMGLg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: -1rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #4a4a4a;\">To find Corona Borealis, locate Arcturus, and then look about a hand span above.<\/p>\n<p>You can also use an interactive star chart such as <a href=\"https:\/\/stellarium.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stellarium<\/a>, or one of the many apps available for smartphones, to locate the constellation. Familiarizing yourself with the stars in this region of the sky before the nova occurs will help identify the new star once T CrB brightens.<\/p>\n<p>Although T CrB is too far from Earth for this event to rival the supernova of 1054, it is nevertheless an opportunity to observe a rare astronomical event with your own eyes. For many of us, this will be a once-in-a-lifetime event.<\/p>\n<p>For children, however, this event could ignite a passion in astronomy. Eighty years in the future, they may look forward to observing it once again.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/235074\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/vahe-peroomian-749331\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vahe Peroomian<\/a>, Professor of <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/physics\/\">Physics and Astronomy<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/usc-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/a-new-guest-star-will-appear-in-the-sky-in-2024-a-space-scientist-explains-how-nova-events-work-and-where-to-look-235074\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/is-ai-really-writing-ancient-authors-would-have-said-no\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Is AI really \u2018writing\u2019? From a priestess to philosophers, ancient authors would have said\u00a0\u2018no\u2019<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/giqbYRVn5v4\" \n         target=\"_blank\"                 class=\"\" \n      >\u2018Trojan Talks\u2019: USC President Beong-Soo Kim talks with Assal Habibi<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/today.usc.edu\/top-k-12-students-to-compete-in-science-olympiad-at-usc\/\" \n         target=\"_blank\"                 class=\"\" \n      >Top K-12 students to compete in Science Olympiad at USC<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Your favorite TV show isn\u2019t the only place where guest stars might appear. Keep an eye on the sky for the second half of 2024 and you might be able to witness a rare astronomical event.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":20908,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[261,87,83],"class_list":["post-20880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-and-technology","tag-astronomy","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A new \u2018guest star\u2019 will appear in the sky in 2024 \u2212 a space scientist explains how nova events work and where to look<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Your favorite TV show isn\u2019t the only place where guest stars might appear. 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