{"id":20785,"date":"2024-07-25T10:11:10","date_gmt":"2024-07-25T17:11:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/?p=20785"},"modified":"2024-10-01T18:46:24","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T01:46:24","slug":"supreme-court-ruling-may-put-presidents-above-the-law-but-even-kings-never-were","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/supreme-court-ruling-may-put-presidents-above-the-law-but-even-kings-never-were\/","title":{"rendered":"Supreme Court ruling may put presidents above the law \u2013 but even kings never\u00a0were"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_top-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_top-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_top-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_top-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"A historical illustration depicting King John of England seated at a table with a quill, surrounded by barons and clergymen in medieval attire.\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  King John of England signs the Magna Carta in 1215. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=politics\">Politics<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Supreme Court ruling may put presidents above the law \u2013 but even kings never\u00a0were<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Even Louis XIV of France, the epitome of absolute monarchy, did not stand above the law. Kings have always been defined and constrained by legal precedent.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Jay Rubenstein<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">July 25, 2024<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" 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cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>Many observers say a controversial U.S. Supreme Court decision from July 1, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/press\/statement-supreme-court-far-right-justices-make-a-mockery-of-the-rule-of-law-caps-patrick-gaspard-says\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">turns presidents into kings<\/a> \u2014 but they underestimate how truly radical the ruling actually may be. In fact, though the court\u2019s majority <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/603\/23-939\/#tab-opinion-4913924\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was honoring constitutional tradition<\/a>, it appears to have created something entirely new: a legal tyrant, someone above the law, a privilege even kings never enjoyed.<\/p>\n<p>Specifically, the court ruled that presidents of the United States enjoy \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/legal\/us-supreme-court-due-rule-trumps-immunity-bid-blockbuster-case-2024-07-01\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some immunity for official acts<\/a>\u201d during their terms of office and absolute immunity for acts pertaining to their \u201ccore constitutional powers.\u201d Legal scholars are still <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawfaremedia.org\/article\/don-t-overread-the-court-s-immunity-opinion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sorting out what exactly this means<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/4771547-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-rule\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what could be considered an official act<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But criticism was immediate. For instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/msmagazine.com\/2024\/07\/01\/sonia-sotomayor-dissent-trump-immunity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissented<\/a>, declared: \u201cIn every use of official power, the President is now a king above the law.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.macfound.org\/fellows\/class-of-2007\/jay-rubenstein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historian of medieval power<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/profile\/jay-rubenstein\/\">I<\/a> know there is a problem with Sotomayor\u2019s argument. Kings were never above the law. Even the epitome of absolute monarchy, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.chateauversailles.fr\/discover\/history\/great-characters\/louis-xiv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louis XIV of France, who ruled from 1643 to 1715<\/a>, did not stand above the law. He embodied the law. Known as \u201cthe Sun King,\u201d the law flowed through him and spread over his realm like rays of light. He couldn\u2019t break the law, because he was the law.<\/p>\n<h2>A narrow distinction<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/607612\/original\/file-20240717-19-bl8ffp.jpeg\" alt=\"A detailed depiction of a man in a robe and hat sitting on a wooden chair speaking to a group of standing people.\" width=\"350\" height=\"523\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John of Salisbury, at left, teaches a group of students. (Image source: <a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Policraticon_de_Jean_de_Salisbury_-_BSG_Ms1145_f3r_(Jean_de_Salisbury_enseignant).jpeg\">\u00c9tienne Colaud\/Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This line between being above the law and the actual embodiment of law is an admittedly fine one. One of the first European thinkers to try to explain this difference with precision was a brilliant 12th-century politician named <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/john-salisbury\/#BodyPoli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John of Salisbury<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>John wrote that a king is \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/statesmansbookof0000unse\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a law unto himself<\/a>,\u201d but that at the same time he was \u201ca servant of law.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>According to John, a king would always instinctively place the benefit of the whole community over his own private desires. If he acted otherwise, then he ceased to be a king and became a tyrant. Confusingly, tyrants were, for John, not entirely illicit: God sometimes used tyrants to punish an unrighteous people.<\/p>\n<p>How to respond to a tyrannical king, legally, remained a nearly insoluble problem.<\/p>\n<h2>A concrete solution<\/h2>\n<p>John of Salisbury\u2019s discussion of these issues stayed on the level of abstraction. However, only a few years after his death in 1180, in England, his theoretical writings became real political concerns. The mercurial <a href=\"https:\/\/www.royal.uk\/john-lackland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">King John, who reigned from 1199 to 1216<\/a>, flirted with tyrannical behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Specifically, he imposed fines on people for the purported crime of making him angry. There was nothing illegal about these fines. They were called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/amercement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amercements<\/a>\u201d \u2014 literally, you paid money to the king for his mercy, so that he would cease being upset with you. John\u2019s use of the practice, however, was so erratic and so transparently cruel that his barons revolted and threatened to dethrone him in favor of a prince from France.<\/p>\n<p>To pacify the realm, in 1215, King John and the barons negotiated the famous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/magnacarta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Magna Carta<\/a>, long regarded as a central document in Western legal tradition, and <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu\/facsch_lawrev\/978\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cited, for example, in more than 170 Supreme Court decisions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In the Magna Carta, John accepted the barons\u2019 demands that he regularize and limit his use of customary fines, among other punitive practices. To ensure that he would abide by his promises, the Magna Carta further established a council of 25 barons to inform him if he had exceeded his legal authority. If the king did not heed their advice, then \u201cthe whole community of the land\u201d was empowered <a href=\"https:\/\/publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu\/academics\/research\/faculty-research\/american-founding\/founding-documents\/magna_carta.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cto distrain and distress\u201d<\/a> him by attacking his castles and properties and making his life miserable.<\/p>\n<p>The king had never been above the law, and now that concept was enshrined in the law.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20787\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20787\" style=\"width: 980px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20787\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_instorya.jpg\" alt=\"A large document handwritten in Latin.\" width=\"980\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_instorya.jpg 980w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_instorya-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_instorya-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/07\/rubenstein_kings_law_instorya-900x600.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20787\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the Magna Carta. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>A transfer to democracy<\/h2>\n<p>Never fully implemented, Magna Carta nonetheless reshaped the culture of the English monarchy.<\/p>\n<p>If John had not died in 1216 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/historic_figures\/john.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during another war with his barons<\/a>, he would have likely been overthrown. His son Henry III <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/historic_figures\/henry_iii_king.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">narrowly survived a major rebellion<\/a> during his reign. In 1326, a disgruntled Parliament and baronage <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/historic_figures\/edward_ii_king.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deposed Henry III\u2019s grandson Edward II<\/a>, who died in prison in 1327.<\/p>\n<p>At the end of the 14th century, the barons and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/historic_figures\/richard_ii_king.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parliament overthrew Richard II<\/a>, who likewise died in prison. Never above the law, kings found themselves increasingly constrained both by law and parliamentary practice.<\/p>\n<p>By the time of the American Revolution, English kings had ceded all meaningful authority to Parliament. When Thomas Jefferson <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/founding-docs\/declaration-transcript\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">railed against George III in the Declaration of Independence<\/a>, he was using the monarch as a symbol for the English government more generally.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/founding-docs\/declaration-transcript\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jefferson wrote in 1776<\/a>. Despite historical distance and legal difference, John of Salisbury could not have put it better.<\/p>\n<p>Unlike, apparently, future U.S. presidents, kings have never been immune from the law. In their official acts and the exercise of core powers, they have always been defined and constrained by legal precedent.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/234883\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jay-rubenstein-1548711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Rubenstein<\/a>, Professor of <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/hist\/\">History<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/religion\/\">Religion<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/usc-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/supreme-court-ruling-may-put-presidents-above-the-law-but-even-kings-never-were-234883\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/us-and-iran-how-decades-of-mistrust-led-to-open-warfare\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >US and Iran: A brief history of how decades of mistrust and bad blood led to open\u00a0warfare<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/from-bodice-rippers-to-romantasy-romance-novels-are-dominating-the-book-market\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >From bodice rippers to romantasy, romance novels are dominating the book market \u2013 and rewriting women\u2019s sexual\u00a0power<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/if-using-chatgpt-is-cheating-what-about-ghostwriting\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >If using ChatGPT is cheating, what about ghostwriting? The old debate behind a new\u00a0panic<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Even Louis XIV of France, the epitome of absolute monarchy, did not stand above the law. Kings have always been defined and constrained by legal precedent.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":20786,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[87,83],"class_list":["post-20785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Supreme Court ruling may put presidents above the law \u2013 but even kings never\u00a0were<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Event monarchs were never above the law, says USC Dornsife historian Jay Rubenstein, an expert in early modern history\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/supreme-court-ruling-may-put-presidents-above-the-law-but-even-kings-never-were\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Presidential immunity ruling by SCOTUS doesn&#039;t make a king\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Event monarchs were never above the law, says USC Dornsife historian Jay Rubenstein, an expert in early modern history\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/supreme-court-ruling-may-put-presidents-above-the-law-but-even-kings-never-were\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"USC Dornsife News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/uscdornsife\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-07-25T17:11:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta 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