{"id":17756,"date":"2023-12-06T13:45:17","date_gmt":"2023-12-06T21:45:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/?p=17756"},"modified":"2024-06-12T09:52:32","modified_gmt":"2024-06-12T16:52:32","slug":"issues-with-climate-summits-loss-and-damage-fund","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/issues-with-climate-summits-loss-and-damage-fund\/","title":{"rendered":"Don\u2019t applaud the climate summit\u2019s loss and damage fund deal just yet \u2014 it might not warrant that standing ovation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                          \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/12\/Climate_Gibson_Top-768x432.png\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/12\/Climate_Gibson_Top-1920x1080.png 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/12\/Climate_Gibson_Top-1280x720.png 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/12\/Climate_Gibson_Top-768x432.png 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  role=\"none\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Some countries like the Philippines have been hit by repeated climate change-fueled disasters. (Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=politics\">Politics<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Don\u2019t applaud the climate summit\u2019s loss and damage fund deal just yet \u2014 it might not warrant that standing ovation<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  The agreement still leaves many unanswered questions, as well as concerns from vulnerable countries about who will qualify, who pays and who is in charge.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Shannon Gibson<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">December 6, 2023<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m7.43475275 9.52380952-2.17490843 2.26076008c-1.08745421 1.058837-1.68841575 2.518315-1.68841575 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m8.14285714 9.42857143c-.17142857 0-.34285714 0-.51428571.08571428l7.28571427 6.34285719c.3428572.2571428.6857143.2571428.9428572 0l7.2857142-6.34285719c-.0857142-.08571428-.2571428-.08571428-.4285714-.08571428zm-1.28571428 1.11428567v.1714286 8.5714286c0 .6857143.6 1.2857143 1.28571428 1.2857143h14.57142856c.6857143 0 1.2857143-.6 1.2857143-1.2857143v-8.5714286c0-.0857143 0-.0857143 0-.1714286l-7.2 6.3428572c-.7714286.6857143-1.8857143.6857143-2.6571429 0z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(-6 -9)\"\/><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n            <span class=\"a2a_label visually-hidden\">Email<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                  <\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n \n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>Shortly after the opening ceremony of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cop28.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2023 United Nations climate negotiations<\/a> in Dubai, delegates of nations around the world rose in a standing ovation to celebrate a long-awaited agreement to launch a loss and damage fund to help vulnerable countries recover from climate-related disasters.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sustainability.usc.edu\/assignment-earth\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-16067\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/07\/AE_News-Rubric-150x150.png\" alt=\"On a gold background, &quot;Asgmt Earth&quot; appears inside a black circle and &quot;USC&quot; inside a small, white circle that slightly overlaps the black circle.\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/07\/AE_News-Rubric-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/07\/AE_News-Rubric-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/07\/AE_News-Rubric-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/07\/AE_News-Rubric-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/07\/AE_News-Rubric-320x320.png 320w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/07\/AE_News-Rubric.png 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>But the applause might not yet be warranted. The deal itself leaves much undecided and has been met with criticism by climate justice advocates and front-line communities.<\/p>\n<p>I teach <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/profile\/shannon-gibson\/\">global environmental politics and climate justice<\/a> and have been attending and observing these negotiations for over a decade to follow the demands for just climate solutions, including loss and damage compensation for countries that have done the least to cause climate change.<\/p>\n<h2>A brief history of loss and damage<\/h2>\n<p>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/cop\/countries-agree-loss-damage-fund-final-cop27-deal-elusive-2022-11-20\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Breakthrough<\/a>\u201d was the term often used to describe the decision at 2022\u2019s COP27 climate conference to finally construct a loss and damage fund. Many countries rejoiced at this \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciel.org\/news\/cop27-reaction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-delayed<\/a>\u201d agreement \u2014 it came 31 years after Vanuatu, a small archipelago in the Pacific, <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/resource\/docs\/a\/wg2crp08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first proposed compensation<\/a> for loss and damage for climate-caused sea level rise in earlier negotiations.<\/p>\n<p>The agreement was only a framework, however. Most of the details were left to a transitional committee that met throughout 2023 to forward recommendations on this new fund to COP28. A <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/TC2_SynthesisReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United Nations report outlined at the committee\u2019s second meeting<\/a> found that funding from wealthy nations to help poorer countries adapt to the ravages of climate change grew by 65% from 2019 to 2020, to $US49 billion. That\u2019s still far below the <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/TC2_SynthesisReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$160 billion to $340 billion<\/a> the U.N. estimates will be needed annually by 2030.<\/p>\n<p>As the <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/event\/tc4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meetings went on<\/a>, developing nations, long wary of traditional financial institutions\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/TC2_SynthesisReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use of interest-bearing loans<\/a>, which have left many low-income countries mired in debt, proposed that the fund be independent. Developed nations, however, insisted the fund be hosted under the World Bank and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/sustainability\/cop\/tensions-soar-over-new-fund-climate-loss-damage-ahead-cop28-2023-10-23\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">held up the recommendations<\/a> until <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/TC5_4_Cochairs%20draft%20text_Rev2_4Nov2100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">right before COP28<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Devil is in the details<\/h2>\n<p>While any deal on funding for climate disaster damages was sure to be portrayed as a historic win, further investigation suggests that it should be welcomed with hesitation and scrutiny.<\/p>\n<p>First, the fund contains no specifics on scale, financial targets or how it will be funded. Instead, the decision merely \u201cinvites\u201d developed nations to \u201ctake the lead\u201d in providing finance and support and encourages commitments from other parties. It also fails to detail which countries will be eligible to receive funding and vaguely states it would be for \u201ceconomic and non-economic loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>So far, pledges have been underwhelming.<\/p>\n<p>Calculations of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrdc.org\/bio\/joe-thwaites\/cop-28-climate-fund-pledge-tracker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">early commitments total just over US$650 million<\/a>, with Germany and the United Arab Emirates pledging $100 million and the U.K. committing $75 million. The United States, one of the largest climate change contributors, pledged only $17.5 million in comparison. It\u2019s a <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/TC2_SynthesisReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shockingly low starting point<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Also, any notion that this fund represents liability or compensation by developed countries \u2014 a major concern for countries with long histories of carbon pollution \u2014 was removed entirely. It in fact notes that loss and damage response is based on cooperation instead.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"WDR9t\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/WDR9t\/5\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In a rare win for the developing world, funds were made available \u2014 even at subnational and community levels \u2014 to all nations, though with yet-undetermined performance indicators.<\/p>\n<p>Additional concern has been raised about the fund\u2019s interim host \u2013 the World Bank. In fact, deciding on a host institution was one of the sticking points that nearly derailed earlier talks.<\/p>\n<p>On one side, the United States and other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2023\/10\/19\/biden-climate-fund-fight-un-summit-00121772\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developed nations insisted<\/a> the fund be hosted by the World Bank, which has <a href=\"https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/row\/R42463.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">always been led by an American<\/a> and has <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/6642815\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historically spread pro-Western policies<\/a>. Developing countries, however, resisted the World Bank\u2019s involvement based on their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/chapters\/c9656\/c9656.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historical experiences<\/a> with its lending and structural adjustment programs and noting the bank\u2019s role for years in financing oil and gas exploration as cornerstones of development efforts.<\/p>\n<p>Following a stalemate and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.twn.my\/title2\/climate\/info.service\/2023\/cc231101.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. attempts to block a consensus<\/a>, a compromise was reached to host the fund under the World Bank for four years, with guardrails to ensure its independence and impact. After this window, the host structure will be reviewed, leading to either a fully independent fund or continuation under the World Bank.<\/p>\n<p>The concern for critics with this route is that the compromise <a href=\"https:\/\/climatenetwork.org\/2023\/11\/04\/reactions-to-loss-and-damage-fund-tc5-meeting\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risks ending up as a permanent hosting situation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>And there are more issues, such as the fund board\u2019s composition, which only allows for national representatives, not civil society representatives such as from Indigenous groups, as developing countries requested. The scope of funding that will be allowed is also still up in the air. In the fund\u2019s vague state, it opens the door for countries, as part of their loss and damage funding commitments, to count private loans, conditional import credits and even funding from the fossil fuel industry at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2023\/12\/03\/cop28-bulletin-us-gcf-pledge-and-greenwash-oil-and-gas-charter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same time the industry continues to fuel climate damage<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>What happens next, starting in 2024<\/h2>\n<p>To date, the international climate community does not have a solid track record when it comes to climate finance promises. Each successive fund \u2014 from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenclimate.fund\/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Green Climate Fund<\/a> that supports green projects in the developing world to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adaptation-fund.org\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adaptation Fund<\/a> that builds climate resilience for the most vulnerable nations \u2014 has been woefully undersourced from inception.<\/p>\n<p>In 2021, the entire climate finance ecosystem, from national commitments to private investment, totaled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-A-Decade-of-Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$850 billion<\/a>. Experts indicate that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-A-Decade-of-Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this sum needs to be closer to $4.3 trillion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>That target represents 20% year-over-year growth until the end of this decade \u2013 a significant ramp up from recent years.<\/p>\n<p>From 2011 to 2020, total climate finance <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/publication\/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-a-decade-of-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grew at just 7% annually<\/a>. If this trend continues, not only will developing and most vulnerable countries lose faith in this process, but the very need for loss and damage funding will only grow.<\/p>\n<p>The new fund board is mandated to hold its first meeting by Jan. 31, 2024. While this early start time is laudable, droughts will continue killing crops, and storms will continue flooding homes while the new fund engages in another series of meetings to determine who will qualify, how they can apply and how and when funds will actually be dispersed.<\/p>\n<p><em>Researcher Will Erens, a student at the University of Southern California, contributed to this article.<\/em><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/218093\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/shannon-gibson-1388776\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shannon Gibson<\/a>, Associate Professor of International Relations and Environmental Studies, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/usc-dornsife-college-of-letters-arts-and-sciences-2669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dont-applaud-the-climate-summits-loss-and-damage-fund-deal-just-yet-it-might-not-warrant-that-standing-ovation-218093\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--section-title\">\n\n    \n  <h2>\n          Related Articles\n      <\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/usc-dornsife-graduate-wins-us-innovation-competition-heads-to-world-final\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >USC Dornsife graduate wins US innovation competition, heads to world final<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/is-ai-really-writing-ancient-authors-would-have-said-no\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Is AI really \u2018writing\u2019? From a priestess to philosophers, ancient authors would have said\u00a0\u2018no\u2019<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/giqbYRVn5v4\" \n         target=\"_blank\"                 class=\"\" \n      >\u2018Trojan Talks\u2019: USC President Beong-Soo Kim talks with Assal Habibi<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The agreement still leaves many unanswered questions, as well as concerns from vulnerable countries about who will qualify, who pays and who is in charge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":17759,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,15],"tags":[66,87,83],"class_list":["post-17756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-sustainability","tag-climate-change","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Don\u2019t applaud the climate summit\u2019s loss and damage fund deal just yet \u2014 it might not warrant that standing ovation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The agreement still leaves many unanswered questions, as well as concerns from vulnerable countries about who will qualify, who pays and who is in charge.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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