{"id":1548,"date":"2021-06-30T15:34:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-30T22:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/embryo-selection-aimed-at-ensuring-health-intelligence-of-children-scrutinized\/"},"modified":"2024-11-30T17:23:38","modified_gmt":"2024-12-01T01:23:38","slug":"implications-of-embryo-selection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/implications-of-embryo-selection\/","title":{"rendered":"Embryo selection aimed at ensuring health, intelligence of children scrutinized"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3509-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3509-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"Embryo selection aimed at ensuring health, intelligence of children scrutinized\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  While in vitro fertilization offers hope for many struggling to conceive, but some take a further step, aiming to ensure the future well-being and success of their offspring. (Image Source: WikiCommons\/DrKontogianniIVF.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=faculty\">Faculty<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Embryo selection aimed at ensuring health, intelligence of children scrutinized<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Economist Patrick Turley of USC Dornsife and a multinational group of researchers issue a special report that examines the benefits, risks and ethics of selecting embryos to ensure healthier, smarter children. <strong>[5 min read]<\/strong>\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">June 30, 2021<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m7.43475275 9.52380952-2.17490843 2.26076008c-1.08745421 1.058837-1.68841575 2.518315-1.68841575 4.0350275 0 1.5167124.60096154 2.9475732 1.68841575 4.0350274 1.058837 1.0874543 2.51831502 1.6884158 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10.8c-1.087-2.114-4.046-6.053-6.798-7.995C2.566.944 1.561 1.266.902 1.565C.139 1.908 0 3.08 0 3.768c0 .69.378 5.65.624 6.479c.815 2.736 3.713 3.66 6.383 3.364c.136-.02.275-.039.415-.056c-.138.022-.276.04-.415.056c-3.912.58-7.387 2.005-2.83 7.078c5.013 5.19 6.87-1.113 7.823-4.308c.953 3.195 2.05 9.271 7.733 4.308c4.267-4.308 1.172-6.498-2.74-7.078a8.741 8.741 0 0 1-.415-.056c.14.017.279.036.415.056c2.67.297 5.568-.628 6.383-3.364c.246-.828.624-5.79.624-6.478c0-.69-.139-1.861-.902-2.206c-.659-.298-1.664-.62-4.3 1.24C16.046 4.748 13.087 8.687 12 10.8\"  fill-rule=\"evenodd\" \/>\n              <\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n            <span class=\"a2a_label visually-hidden\">Bluesky<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                                <a class=\"a2a_button_email\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#email\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"E-mail\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_print\">\n              <svg height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 12\" width=\"18\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m8.14285714 9.42857143c-.17142857 0-.34285714 0-.51428571.08571428l7.28571427 6.34285719c.3428572.2571428.6857143.2571428.9428572 0l7.2857142-6.34285719c-.0857142-.08571428-.2571428-.08571428-.4285714-.08571428zm-1.28571428 1.11428567v.1714286 8.5714286c0 .6857143.6 1.2857143 1.28571428 1.2857143h14.57142856c.6857143 0 1.2857143-.6 1.2857143-1.2857143v-8.5714286c0-.0857143 0-.0857143 0-.1714286l-7.2 6.3428572c-.7714286.6857143-1.8857143.6857143-2.6571429 0z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(-6 -9)\"\/><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n            <span class=\"a2a_label visually-hidden\">Email<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                  <\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n \n\n\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>A special report published in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMsr2105065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>New England Journal of Medicine<\/i><\/a>\u00a0raises serious questions about the benefits, risks and ethics of a new service \u2014 which the authors call \u201cembryo selection based on polygenic scores,\u201d or ESPS. The service allows in vitro fertilization patients to select embryos with the goal of choosing healthier and even smarter children.<\/p>\n<p>In the report \u201cProblems with Using Polygenic Scores to Select Embryos,\u201d the multinational team of researchers describes the limitations of the service. They also warn that patients, and even in vitro fertilization clinicians, may think that the service is more effective and less risky than it is.<\/p>\n<p>The authors highlight that since the same gene often influences many different traits, selecting for one trait can lead to the unintentional selection of adverse traits. They also warn that using the service has the potential to alter population demographics, exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities and devalue certain traits.<\/p>\n<p>If ESPS continues to be available to IVF patients, the researchers call on the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to develop and enforce standards for responsible communication about the service. The authors also call for a society-wide conversation about the ethical use of the technology and whether it should be regulated.<\/p>\n<h2>An imperfect way to ensure healthy children<\/h2>\n<p>Polygenic scores are predictions of individual health and other outcomes derived from studies of the genome. In adults, polygenic scores have been shown to partially predict those outcomes. However, their predictive power is significantly reduced when comparing embryos to one another, the report authors explain.<\/p>\n<div class=\"news-image-landscape news-image-right\">\n<figure style=\"width: 540px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/migration-uploads\/Patrick-Turley-in-story-3509.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Patrick Turley\" width=\"540\" height=\"348\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick Turley finds that selecting embryos based on genomic studies is problematic. (Photo: Courtesy of Patrick Turley.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cPolygenic scores are already only weak predictors for most individual adult outcomes, especially for social and behavioral traits, and there are several factors that lower their predictive power even more in the context of embryo selection,\u201d said\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/econ\/econ_faculty_display.cfm?Person_ID=1102092\">Patrick Turley<\/a>, assistant professor (research) of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/econ\/about-us\/\">economics<\/a>\u00a0at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and co-first author of the paper. \u201cPolygenic scores are designed to work in a different setting than an IVF clinic. These weak predictors will perform even worse when used to select embryos.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Turley, who is also director of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cesr.usc.edu\/cssg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral and Health Genomics Center<\/a>\u00a0at the USC Dornsife\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cesr.usc.edu\/about_us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Economic and Social Research<\/a>, and his colleagues on the study examined if ESPS is any more effective at ensuring future health than random selection of embryos. To do so, they modeled the expected difference in a future individual\u2019s risk for several diseases, comparing the use of ESPS to select an embryo versus choosing one viable embryo at random\u00a0from among 10. They found that, in most cases, the reduction of disease risk the service offers is very small and highly uncertain.<\/p>\n<p>Multiple companies are now working with IVF clinics to offer the service to patients who want to select an embryo with a lower chance of growing up to develop diabetes, cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, inflammatory bowel disease and schizophrenia. One company also offers the service for the purpose of selecting embryos according to their predicted educational attainment, household income and cognitive ability. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/insights\/polygenic-risk-scores-and-genomic-prediction-qa-with-stephen-hsu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">founder of another company<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/insights\/polygenic-risk-scores-and-genomic-prediction-qa-with-stephen-hsu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has not ruled out<\/a>\u00a0someday offering ESPS in some countries to choose skin color or above-average mental ability.<\/p>\n<h2>Drawbacks to the selection service<\/h2>\n<p>For ESPS to work, polygenic scores need to give at least moderately accurate predictions of whether the selected embryos will end up developing a certain trait or not. The studies that generate the polygenic scores sometimes suggest moderate or even large differences in actual outcomes between people with high versus low scores, but those differences are based on a sample of people from different families. As Turley and colleagues note, ESPS usually involves comparing members of the same family, which significantly lowers its predictive power.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the studies that produce polygenic scores involve people with similar ancestries and mostly European ancestries. As a result, most polygenic scores constructed today will be less predictive for people of other ancestries.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, assessments of the predictive power of polygenic scores typically assume very similar environments for the generation enrolled in the original study and the generation that will be born as a result of ESPS. But by the time an embryo selected by the service is an adult, the person may face a very different environment.<\/p>\n<p>Widespread use of ESPS raises other risks, as well. For instance, the researchers warn that use of the service could exacerbate existing health and other disparities, as it is largely only accessible to the relatively wealthy and it currently works best among those with European ancestries. It might also amplify prejudice and discrimination by signaling that existing people with traits that parents select against are less valuable.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSome countries have authorities that decide which traits embryos can be tested for,\u201d said Michelle N. Meyer, assistant professor of bioethics and a legal scholar at Geisinger Health System and co-first author of the special report. \u201cBut in the U.S., there is a strong legal and ethical tradition of viewing reproductive decisions as matters of private individual choice. In the short term, the FTC should help establish what counts as adequate evidence to support claims about the expected benefits of ESPS and what counts as adequate information disclosure in this context.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The researchers also call for professional medical societies to develop policies and guidance and for companies themselves to demonstrate that the information they provide to diverse customers is complete, accurate and well-understood.<\/p>\n<p>They also say there needs to be a society-wide conversation about whether existing legal frameworks can adequately ensure accurate information about ESPS, and if limits on the use of the service should be adopted.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMany individual reproductive decisions, aggregated over generations, can have profound societal consequences,\u201d said Daniel J. Benjamin, corresponding author and a professor at the UCLA Anderson School of Management and David Geffen School of Medicine. \u201cCollectively, these decisions could alter population demographics, exacerbate inequalities and devalue traits that are selected against.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>About the study<\/h2>\n<p>In addition to Turley, Meyer and Benjamin, authors on the study include Nancy Wang of the National Bureau of Economic Research; David Cesarini of New York University; Evelynn Hammonds and David Laibson of Harvard University; Alicia R. Martin, Ben M. Neale and Heidi L. Rehm of the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Louise Wilkins-Haug of Harvard Medical School; Steven Hyman, M.D., Harvard University and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; and Peter M. Visscher of the University of Queensland, Australia.<\/p>\n<p>The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Open Philanthropy, the Ragnar S\u00f6derberg Foundation, the Pershing Square Fund for Research on the Foundations of Human Behavior, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Russell Sage Foundation, the JPB Foundation, the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Stanley Family Foundation and the Australian Research Council.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/breast-milk-helps-babies-tell-circadian-rhythm-from-mom\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Human breast milk may help babies tell time via circadian signals from mom<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/mitochondrial-sex-differences-suggest-treatment-strategies\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Discovery of vast sex differences in cellular activity has major implications for disease treatment<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/rule-of-biology-centered-on-instability\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >A new \u2018rule of biology\u2019 may have come to light, expanding insight into evolution and aging<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Economist Patrick Turley of USC Dornsife and a multinational group of researchers issue a special report that examines the benefits, risks and ethics of selecting embryos to ensure healthier, smarter children. <strong>[5 min read]<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":1551,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[70,64,111,421,422],"class_list":["post-1548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty","tag-academy-in-the-public-square","tag-center-for-economic-and-social-research","tag-economics","tag-ethics","tag-patrick-turley"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Embryo selection aimed at ensuring health, intelligence of children scrutinized<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers issue a special report that examines the benefits, risks and ethics of selecting embryos to ensure healthier, smarter children. [5 min read]\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/implications-of-embryo-selection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Embryo selection aimed at ensuring health, intelligence of children scrutinized\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Researchers issue a special report that examines the benefits, risks and ethics of selecting embryos to ensure healthier, smarter children. 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