{"id":14963,"date":"2023-04-28T14:37:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T21:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/?p=14963"},"modified":"2024-10-07T13:44:57","modified_gmt":"2024-10-07T20:44:57","slug":"female-mathematicians-throughout-history-overcome-barriers-to-excel-in-a-male-dominated-field","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/female-mathematicians-throughout-history-overcome-barriers-to-excel-in-a-male-dominated-field\/","title":{"rendered":"Female\u00a0mathematicians throughout history overcome barriers to excel in a male-dominated field"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n                                          \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_newsite-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_newsite-1920x1080.jpg 1920w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_newsite-1280x720.jpg 1280w,https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_newsite-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"A collage of images of Hypatia, Emilie de Breteuil, Marquise du Ch\u00e2telet and Olga Ladyzhenskaya\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  From left, mathematicians Hypatia, Emilie de Breteuil, Marquise du Ch\u00e2telet, and Olga Ladyzhenskaya made major contributions to the field of mathematics. (Composite: Letty Avila. Image source: Wikimedia Commons.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=arts-and-culture\">Arts and Culture<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Female\u00a0mathematicians throughout history overcome barriers to excel in a male-dominated field<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  USC Dornsife mathematicians highlight their favorite and most influential women in the field \u2014 one in which women have a rich history of contributions, and despite centuries of headway, recognition, access and equity still remain works in progress.\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Ileana Wachtel<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">April 28, 2023<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"Link\">\n            <span class=\"a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_copy_link\">\n              <svg height=\"19\" viewBox=\"0 0 19 19\" width=\"19\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m7.43475275 9.52380952-2.17490843 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     >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>For centuries, men have been the dominant figures in mathematics. Women, however, have been making important contributions since ancient times.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14965\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14965\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14965\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instorya.jpg\" alt=\"A painting of Hypatia.\" width=\"250\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instorya.jpg 315w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instorya-193x300.jpg 193w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14965\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypatia (Image source: Wikimedia Commons.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Among the earliest well-documented female mathematicians is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/hypatia-ancient-alexandrias-great-female-scholar-10942888\/\">Hypatia<\/a>, a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in Alexandria from about 360 to 415 C.E. Some historians credit her with inventing the hydrometer, an instrument used to measure the density of liquids. She also is known to have constructed astrolabes, which astronomers used to study celestial bodies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI just love her passion and envision her looking at the stars and their elliptical orbits and wondering why the orbits have that shape,\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty.cfm?pid=1003338\">Cymra Haskell<\/a>, professor of mathematics at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and an admirer of her ancient predecessor.<\/p>\n<p>Hypatia\u2019s work broke ground for Haskell and other women mathematicians in the generations that followed, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/07\/16\/us\/maryam-mirzakhani-dead.html\">Maryam Mirzakhani<\/a>, who in 2014 became the first woman to win the Fields Medal, the most prestigious prize for mathematicians under 40.<\/p>\n<p>The stories of Hypatia and Mirzakhani are among many highlighting the long, historic struggle of women to gain a foothold in the world of mathematics.<\/p>\n<h2>After a pause, women reemerge as significant figures in math<\/h2>\n<p>For more than a millennium after Hypatia, progress in women\u2019s contributions to mathematics stalled until the emergence of two standout women.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scientificwomen.net\/women\/piscopia-elena-79\">Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia<\/a> helped reignite the momentum of women in the field in 1678, when she became the first woman to earn a PhD. Though her doctorate was in philosophy, Piscopia became a mathematics lecturer at the University of Padua that same year and later a member of various academies throughout Europe.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14966\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14966\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14966\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instoryb.jpg\" alt=\"A painting of Emilie de Breteuil Marquise du Ch\u00e2telet holding a drawing compass with a stack of papers in front of her.\" width=\"290\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instoryb.jpg 315w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instoryb-193x300.jpg 193w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14966\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emilie de Breteuil, Marquise du Ch\u00e2telet (Image source: Wikimedia Commons.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Born four decades later,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mathwomen.agnesscott.org\/women\/agnesi.htm\">Maria Agnesi<\/a> would be remembered as the first woman to write a mathematics textbook.\u00a0Assistant Professor (Teaching) of Mathematics<u>\u00a0<\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty.cfm?pid=1012751\">Nathaniel Emerson<\/a>, who teaches USC Dornsife\u2019s \u201cHistory of Mathematics\u201d (MATH 450) course, says, \u201cHer greatest contribution was that she brought calculus to a wider audience which helped in the education of mathematics students for generations.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Agnesi wrote\u00a0<em>The Analytical Institutions<\/em>\u00a0in 1748, one of the first books to cover the subject of finite and infinitesimal analysis \u2014 better known as calculus. Soon after, she was elected to the Bologna Academy of Sciences.<\/p>\n<p>She is also known for her work on the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/mathwomen.agnesscott.org\/women\/witch2.htm\">Witch of Agnesi<\/a>,\u201d a good example of combining two 17th-century mathematical topics,\u00a0analytic geometry and calculus.<\/p>\n<p>Around the time Agnesi was making headway in Italy, France produced a remarkable female mathematician, one who caught the attention of USC Dornsife Professor of Mathematics <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/cf\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty.cfm?pid=1016390\">Susan Friedlander<\/a> some 30 years ago when Friedlander encountered a portrait in the Ch\u00e2teau de Breteuil outside Paris.<\/p>\n<p>Friedlander later wrote about the mathematician, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ams.org\/journals\/bull\/2023-60-01\/S0273-0979-2022-01789-2\/S0273-0979-2022-01789-2.pdf\">Emilie de Breteuil, Marquise du Ch\u00e2telet<\/a>, for the <em>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society<\/em>, of which Friedlander is editor-in-chief.<\/p>\n<p>Friedlander noted that while Du Ch\u00e2telet \u201cis famous for being the lover, companion, and scientific collaborator of Voltaire,\u201d the importance of her work in mathematics, physics and natural philosophy has gained more recognition in recent times.<\/p>\n<p>In 1738, Du Ch\u00e2telet became the first woman to have a paper published by the French Academy of Sciences, and her translation of Isaac Newton\u2019s momentous <em>Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica<\/em> (<em>Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy<\/em>) into French has been widely lauded.<\/p>\n<h2>Women earned math PhDs despite being barred from courses<\/h2>\n<p>Russian-born <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mpg.de\/female-pioneers-of-science\/sofia-kovalevskaya\">Sofia Kovalevskaya<\/a> continued making headway for women in mathematics in the late 1800s. She received a PhD in 1874 from G\u00f6ttingen University in Germany, even though she was not officially enrolled due to her gender.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14967\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14967\" style=\"width: 315px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14967 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instoryc.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of Olga Ladyzhenskaya\" width=\"315\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instoryc.jpg 315w, https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/women_math_instoryc-193x300.jpg 193w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14967\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olga Ladyzhenskaya (Image source: Wikimedia Commons.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cThe circumstances were exceptional; she had to ask each professor for special permission to take his class,\u201d Emerson said. He points out that Piscopia faced the same restriction; she was never enrolled in a university either. Women wouldn\u2019t be allowed to enroll until the 1880s, according to Emerson.<\/p>\n<p>Kovalevkaya\u2019s noteworthy contributions to analysis, partial differential equations, and mechanics culminated in her becoming the first woman to be awarded the Prix Bordin (Bordin Prize) by the French Academy of Sciences in 1888. She went on to lecture in Stockholm, earn a prize from the Swedish Academy of Sciences, secure a university chair in Europe, be elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences, and publish 10 papers before succumbing to influenza in 1891.<\/p>\n<p>Like many women before her, Russian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ams.org\/notices\/200411\/fea-olga.pdf\">Olga Ladyzhenskaya<\/a> was denied entry as an undergraduate at university \u2014 but not because she was a woman. This time, politics and her ties to nobility impeded her advancement.<\/p>\n<p>By 1939, the Stalinists had taken control of Russia, deeming nobles and intellectuals enemies of the state. Ladyzhenskaya\u2019s father was arrested and executed without trial. Ironically, because of her research in partial differential equations and fluid dynamics, Ladyzhenskaya was granted additional provisions from the state and excused from compulsory lectures so she could attend mathematical seminars.<\/p>\n<p>Ladyzhenskaya is credited with one of the most important advancements in the field of mathematics of the 20th century, a crucial breakthrough in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grc.nasa.gov\/www\/k-12\/airplane\/nseqs.html\">Navier-Stokes equations<\/a>, which describe how the relationship between the velocity, pressure, temperature and density of a moving fluid. She was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 2002 and authored more than 200 scientific publications.<\/p>\n<h2>Mathematicians continue efforts toward equity in their field<\/h2>\n<p>Inequity in representation and compensation remain key issues in the field, and solving either should help improve the other, according to USC Dornsife Professor of Mathematics and Associate Director of Graduate Studies Sami Assaf.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWomen in mathematics continue to be underrepresented and underpaid compared to men. Changing either of these will no doubt impact the other,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/ncses.nsf.gov\/pubs\/nsf21321\/report\/field-of-degree-women\">National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics<\/a>, just over 40% of bachelor\u2019s and master\u2019s degrees in mathematics were earned by women. That statistic drops to under 30% at the doctoral level.<\/p>\n<p>Aiming to address this shortcoming, Hypatia enthusiast Haskell founded <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/charlottes-web\/\">Charlotte\u2019s Web<\/a>, a math club that aims to build a community for women pursuing graduate degrees in mathematics at USC Dornsife, in 2000. Haskell\u2019s observations of the dynamics between male and female mathematicians revealed to her the tendency for individuals to internalize imposter syndrome and feel like they don\u2019t belong. She believes clubs like Charlotte\u2019s Web <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/3174\/mathematics-club-advances-women-in-field\/\">can help<\/a> address this issue.<\/p>\n<p>Emerson notes that women also face challenges when teaching math that men do not, such as receiving uninvited comments on their appearance and encountering resistance to their authority as instructors. This, and the fact that many <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.finance.yahoo.com\/news\/new-study-pinpoints-the-age-when-girls-lose-interest-in-stem-subjects-213742945.html\">girls veer away from math in middle school<\/a>, reduces their representation in the field. He hopes women will feel that they have a choice to pursue a career in mathematics.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI have a feeling the reason girls often check out of math in middle school has to do with the overwhelming number of male teachers,\u201d he said. \u201cI definitely had students at USC tell me they\u2019ve never had a female math teacher.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Fields Medalist Mirzakhani bucked the trend of girls losing interest in math after middle school. Her passion for the subject didn\u2019t start until high school, but her success came quickly after.<\/p>\n<p>Growing up in Iran, she attended an all-girls school for exceptionally talented students, and in 1994, at 17 years old, she made the Iranian Math Olympiad team and won a gold medal. She went on to earn her PhD at Harvard in 2004, become a research fellow at the Clay Mathematics Institute and a professor at Princeton University. In 2009, she joined the faculty at Stanford University.<\/p>\n<p>Her Fields Medal, awarded for her work on Riemann surfaces and moduli spaces, marked a breakthrough for women in mathematics and built on Hypatia\u2019s legacy, established 1,600 years earlier.<\/p>\n<p>Mirzakhani died in 2017 after a battle with cancer, but not before establishing her own legacy for mathematicians \u2014 and especially women in mathematics \u2014 to further build upon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n  \n        \n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-related-stories \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-related-stories\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--section-title\">\n\n    \n  <h2>\n          Related News\n      <\/h2>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n                  <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/masters-program-teaches-math-behind-artificial-intelligence\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >Training the minds behind the AI algorithm<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/three-million-dollar-research-training-group-award-mathematics\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >$3M NSF grant funds new USC Dornsife mathematics research and training program<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n              <article>\n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--cta-title\">\n\n    \n  <h3>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/new-natural-sciences-faculty-join-usc-fall-2024\/\" \n                        class=\"\" \n      >New faculty members further elevate USC Dornsife\u2019s natural sciences prowess<\/a>\n      <\/h3>\n\n\n<\/div>\n        <\/article>\n            <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>USC Dornsife mathematicians highlight their favorite and most influential women in the field \u2014 one in which women have a rich history of contributions, and despite centuries of headway, recognition, access and equity still remain works in progress.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":14964,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,16],"tags":[77,71,94],"class_list":["post-14963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-and-culture","category-science-and-technology","tag-diversity-equity-and-inclusion","tag-history","tag-mathematics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - 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