{"id":1420,"date":"2021-08-31T15:20:00","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T22:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/what-is-sharia-islamic-law-shows-muslims-how-to-live-and-can-be-a-force-for-progress-as-well-as-a-tool-of-fundamentalists\/"},"modified":"2023-04-19T11:01:36","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T18:01:36","slug":"sharia-islamic-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/sharia-islamic-law\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Sharia? Islamic law shows Muslims how to live, and can be a force for progress as well as a tool of\u00a0fundamentalists"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n            \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--image\">\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n              \n      <img\n                            data-src=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3541-768x432.jpg\"\n          data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/04\/story-3541-768x432.jpg 768w\"          data-sizes=\"(min-width:1200px) 75vw, (min-width:768px) 83vw, 100vw\"          class=\"lazyload\"\n        \n                  alt=\"What is Sharia? Islamic law shows Muslims how to live, and can be a force for progress as well as a tool of\u00a0fundamentalists\"\n        \n        \n                                      \/>\n\n    \n    \n  \n  \n\n<\/div>\n  \n      <div class=\"image-caption\">\n          \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  Sharia has been used to restrict women\u2019s freedom in countries such as Brunei and Saudi Arabia but Sharia also provided women with rights that were unheard of in the premodern world. (Image Source: iStock\/JuanMonino.)\n\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=arts-and-culture\">Arts and Culture<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>What is Sharia? Islamic law shows Muslims how to live, and can be a force for progress as well as a tool of\u00a0fundamentalists<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"subtitle\">\n            \n<div class=\"f--field f--description\">\n\n    \n  In this article from The Conversation, Jessica Marglin of religion and history at USC Dornsife provides insight into an oft misunderstood aspect of Muslim culture. <strong>[4\u00bc min read]<\/strong>\n\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Kalpana Jain<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">August 31, 2021<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 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Kalpana Jain. Over the past few years she has commissioned dozens of articles on Islam written by academics. These articles draw from that archive and have been checked for accuracy by religion scholars.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>In the previous installment of this series, you learned about feminist movements within Islam. This article will explain Islamic law, or Sharia, a core part of the faith, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dont-blame-Sharia-for-islamic-extremism-blame-colonialism-109918\" target=\"_blank\">drawn from the Quran and the Hadith<\/a>, a collection of the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions.<\/p>\n<p>Sharia constitutes a broad set of rules that guide Muslims on how to lead an ethical life. In Arabic, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-sharia-means-5-questions-answered-79325\" target=\"_blank\">Sharia means &ldquo;the way,&rdquo;<\/a> as <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/asma-afsaruddin-174464\" target=\"_blank\">Asma Afsaruddin<\/a> of Indiana University explains. It is a way for many Muslims to get moral direction on their conduct, including how to pray and how to treat a family member.<\/p>\n<p>Many Americans associate Sharia with intolerance. The media often plays up stories of primitive punishments under Sharia, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-01-29\/two-men-caned-77-times-for-having-sex-in-indonesia-aceh\/13101764\" target=\"_blank\">such as caning<\/a> or stoning to death for adultery.<\/p>\n<p>Between 2010 and 2018, 43 U.S. states <a href=\"https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2018\/02\/05\/anti-Sharia-law-bills-united-states\" target=\"_blank\">introduced bills with the aim to check<\/a> any use of Islamic law in American courts. In 2017, &ldquo;anti-Sharia&rdquo; marches <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2017\/06\/11\/532454216\/anti-Sharia-marchers-met-with-counter-protests-around-the-country\" target=\"_blank\">were organized across the U.S.<\/a> by the a conservative group ACT for America to stop Sharia from making &ldquo;inroads&rdquo; into society.<\/p>\n<p>The way Sharia is interpreted depends on who is using it and why. For example, Sharia has been used to restrict women&rsquo;s freedom in countries such as Brunei and Saudi Arabia. However, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/mark-fathi-massoud-664974\" target=\"_blank\">Mark Fathi Massoud<\/a> of the University of California, Santa Cruz points out that Sharia <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dont-blame-Sharia-for-islamic-extremism-blame-colonialism-109918\" target=\"_blank\">provided women with rights<\/a> that were unheard of in the premodern world.<\/p>\n<p>Scholar Afsaruddin writes that Sharia requires a woman&rsquo;s consent before marriage. It also allows a woman to initiate divorce under certain conditions. It allowed a Muslim woman to inherit property at a time when European Christian women did not have such rights.<\/p>\n<p>Some countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Brunei, however, have interpreted Sharia harshly. In 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-47769964\" target=\"_blank\">Brunei introduced death by stoning<\/a> for homosexuals under its Islamic law. International pressure later <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/05\/06\/world\/asia\/brunei-gays-stoning-execution.html\" target=\"_blank\">forced the country to back down<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jessica-marglin-716245\" target=\"_blank\">Jessica Marglin<\/a>, Ruth Ziegler Early Career Chair in Jewish Studies and associate professor of religion, law and history at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, connects this harsh interpretation to &ldquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/3012\/harsh-punishments-under-sharia-law-are-modern-interpretation\/\">Islamism<\/a>,&rdquo; which arose in the 20th century.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Islamists see revival of the Sharia as a political solution to the problems plaguing Muslim-majority societies, including corruption and inequality,&rdquo; writes Marglin.<\/p>\n<p>While many Sharia punishments relate to issues of morality, Afsaruddin clarifies that Islam does take a strong position on adultery.<\/p>\n<p>It&rsquo;s true that the Quran prescribes punishment by lashing. &ldquo;But there is a high bar of evidence that must be met before this punishment can be meted out: Four witnesses must observe the actual act of penetration. Even in this age of voyeurism, it would be next to impossible to meet this criterion,&rdquo; she writes. Such a punishment was &ldquo;hardly ever carried out in the premodern world,&rdquo; <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-Sharia-means-5-questions-answered-79325\" target=\"_blank\">she adds<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Honor killings and female genital mutilation, often ascribed to Sharia, are in &ldquo;fact non-Islamic tribal practices that have no basis in Sharia,&rdquo; writes Afsaruddin. In other words, they are cultural and not religious practices. Female genital mutilation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4064295\/\" target=\"_blank\">is practiced by non-Muslims as well<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>It&rsquo;s important to understand what led to these modern-day interpretations in a few countries like Saudi Arabia and Brunei. Massoud says that it was countries in which Muslim fundamentalists have gained power, such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, among others, that &ldquo;stunted the democratic potential of Sharia.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>During the colonial era, Great Britain, France and other European powers ruled over their colonies in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Massoud&rsquo;s research shows that post-colonial Muslim societies, such as Sudan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Somalia, rejected the religious system and embraced the colonial legal system, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dont-blame-Sharia-for-islamic-extremism-blame-colonialism-109918\" target=\"_blank\">leaving Sharia in the hands of extremists<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Today, the use of Sharia, he says, is often used to portray that &ldquo;the Muslim world is uncivilized&rdquo; and Islam &ldquo;incompatible with modern society.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><em>This article was reviewed for accuracy by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jessica-marglin-716245\" target=\"_blank\">Marglin<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Fact<\/strong>: In earlier centuries, celebrations of same-sex love did not flout Islamic law. Rather, a man&rsquo;s love for another man was considered widely acceptable even by Sharia jurists, as long as one avoided the sin of sodomy. In the 18th century, Abdallah al-Shabrawi, the rector of al-Azhar in Cairo &ndash; then, as now, one of the Islamic world&rsquo;s most prestigious centers of religious learning &ndash; was known both as a scholar and a poet. Al-Shabrawi dedicated a love poem to his male student and wrote many others celebrating young men. <em>&ndash; From an <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/harsh-punishments-under-Sharia-are-modern-interpretations-of-an-ancient-tradition-115211\" target=\"_blank\">article<\/a> written by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/jessica-marglin-716245\" target=\"_blank\">Marglin<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Congratulations on finishing this series on Understanding Islam! To test your knowledge, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/quiz-for-the-islam-drip-158780\" target=\"_blank\">take our quiz based on the material in this series<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/418531\/original\/file-20210830-14-1354xkx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/418531\/original\/file-20210830-14-1354xkx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/418531\/original\/file-20210830-14-1354xkx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/418531\/original\/file-20210830-14-1354xkx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/418531\/original\/file-20210830-14-1354xkx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/418531\/original\/file-20210830-14-1354xkx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/418531\/original\/file-20210830-14-1354xkx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"> <span class=\"caption\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>You can read all six articles in this <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/topics\/understanding-islam-108919\" target=\"_blank\">Understanding Islam series on TheConversation.com<\/a>, or we can deliver them straight to your inbox if you <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/newsletters\/understanding-islam-79\" target=\"_blank\">sign up for our email newsletter course<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>Articles from The Conversation in this edition:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-Sharia-means-5-questions-answered-79325\" target=\"_blank\">What Sharia means: 5 questions answered<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/harsh-punishments-under-Sharia-are-modern-interpretations-of-an-ancient-tradition-115211\" target=\"_blank\">Harsh punishments under Sharia are modern interpretations of an ancient tradition<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dont-blame-Sharia-for-islamic-extremism-blame-colonialism-109918\" target=\"_blank\">Don&rsquo;t blame Sharia for Islamic extremism &ndash; blame colonialism<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Further Reading and Resources:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pil.law.harvard.edu\/Shariasource-portal\/\" target=\"_blank\">SHARIAsource<\/a>: This is a research initiative at Harvard Law School, and a great resource for teachers and scholars looking for information on Islamic law.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ing.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Islamic Networks Group<\/a> answers a series of commonly asked questions about <a href=\"https:\/\/ing.org\/a-closer-look-at-Sharia-in-the-united-states\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sharia in the U.S.<\/a><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/155112\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/team#kalpana-jain\" target=\"_blank\">Kalpana Jain<\/a>, Senior Religion + Ethics Editor, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theconversation.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-is-sharia-islamic-law-shows-muslims-how-to-live-and-can-be-a-force-for-progress-as-well-as-tool-of-fundamentalists-155112\" target=\"_blank\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article from The Conversation, Jessica Marglin of religion and history at USC Dornsife provides insight into an oft misunderstood aspect of Muslim culture. <strong>[4\u00bc min read]<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":1423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,10],"tags":[87,104,83],"class_list":["post-1420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-and-culture","category-faculty","tag-expert-viewpoint","tag-religion","tag-the-conversation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Sharia? 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