{"id":10623,"date":"2012-04-05T09:53:00","date_gmt":"2012-04-05T16:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/quantum-computer-built-inside-a-diamond\/"},"modified":"2023-04-19T11:20:03","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T18:20:03","slug":"quantum-computer-built-inside-a-diamond","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/quantum-computer-built-inside-a-diamond\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum Computer Built Inside a Diamond"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n    \n            \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--article-hero \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--article-hero\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n<div class=\"inner-wrapper\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n          <nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" class=\"breadcrumbs\">\n        <ul>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\">News<\/a><\/li>\n                      <li><a href=\"\/news\/stories\/\/?category=faculty\">Faculty<\/a><\/li>\n                  <\/ul>\n      <\/nav>\n    \n              \n<div class=\"f--field f--page-title\">\n\n    \n  <h1>Quantum Computer Built Inside a Diamond<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n    \n    \n           <strong class=\"author-field\"><span >By<\/span><a href=\"mailto:communication@dornsife.usc.edu\">Robert Perkins<\/a><\/strong>\n    \n          <span class=\"post-date-field\">April 5, 2012<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--social-share \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--social-share\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n  <div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n    <span class=\"a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list\" style=\"line-height: 32px;\">\n      <span class=\"title\">\n        Share\n      <\/span>\n                        <a class=\"a2a_button_copy_link\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"\/#copy_link\" rel=\"nofollow 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visually-hidden\">Email<\/span>\n          <\/a>\n                  <\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n  \n\n  \n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div\n  class=\"cc--component-container cc--rich-text \"\n\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  >\n  <div class=\"c--component c--rich-text\"\n    \n      >\n\n    \n      \n<div class=\"f--field f--wysiwyg\">\n\n    \n  <p>Diamonds are forever&nbsp;&mdash; or, at least, the effects of this diamond on quantum computing may be.<\/p>\n<p>A team that includes scientists from USC has built a quantum computer  in a diamond, the first of its kind to include protection against  &ldquo;decoherence,&rdquo; noise that prevents the computer from functioning  properly.<\/p>\n<p>The demonstration shows the viability of solid-state quantum  computers, which, unlike earlier gas- and liquid-state systems, may  represent the future of quantum computing because they can easily be  scaled up in size. Current quantum computers typically are very small  and, though impressive, cannot yet compete with the speed of larger,  traditional computers.<\/p>\n<p>The multinational team included USC professor Daniel Lidar and USC  postdoctoral researcher Zhihui Wang, as well as researchers from the  Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, Iowa State University  and the University of California, Santa Barbara. The findings were  published today in <em>Nature<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The team&rsquo;s diamond quantum computer system featured two quantum bits, or qubits, made of subatomic particles.<\/p>\n<p>As opposed to traditional computer bits, which can encode distinctly  either a one or a zero, qubits can encode a one and a zero at the same  time. This property, called superposition, along with the ability of  quantum states to &ldquo;tunnel&rdquo; through energy barriers, some day will allow  quantum computers to perform optimization calculations much faster than  traditional computers.<\/p>\n<p>Like all diamonds, the diamond used by the researchers has impurities &mdash; things other than carbon. The more impurities in a diamond, the less  attractive it is as a piece of jewelry because it makes the crystal  appear cloudy.<\/p>\n<p>The team, however, utilized the impurities themselves.<\/p>\n<p>A rogue nitrogen nucleus became the first qubit. In a second flaw sat  an electron, which became the second qubit. (Though put more  accurately, the &ldquo;spin&rdquo; of each of these subatomic particles was used as  the qubit.)<\/p>\n<p>Electrons are smaller than nuclei and perform computations much more  quickly, but they also fall victim more quickly to decoherence. A qubit  based on a nucleus, which is large, is much more stable but slower.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;A nucleus has a long decoherence time &mdash; in the milliseconds. You can  think of it as very sluggish,&rdquo; said Lidar, who holds appointments at  the USC Viterbi School of Engineering and in USC Dornsife.<\/p>\n<p>Though solid-state computing systems have existed before, this was  the first to incorporate decoherence protection &mdash; using microwave pulses  to continually switch the direction of the electron spin rotation.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;It&rsquo;s a little like time travel,&rdquo; Lidar said, because switching the  direction of rotation time-reverses the inconsistencies in motion as the  qubits move back to their original position.<\/p>\n<p>The team was able to demonstrate that its diamond-encased system does  indeed operate in a quantum fashion by seeing how closely it matched  &ldquo;Grover&rsquo;s algorithm.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>The algorithm is not new &mdash; Lov Grover of Bell Labs invented it in 1996 &mdash; but it shows the promise of quantum computing.<\/p>\n<p>The test is a search of an unsorted database, akin to being told to  search for a name in a phone book when you&rsquo;ve only been given the phone  number.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes you&rsquo;d miraculously find it on the first try, other times  you might have to search through the entire book to find it. If you did  the search countless times, on average, you&rsquo;d find the name you were  looking for after searching through half of the phone book.<\/p>\n<p>Mathematically, this can be expressed by saying you&rsquo;d find the  correct choice in X\/2 tries &mdash; if X is the number of total choices you  have to search through. So, with four choices total, you&rsquo;ll find the  correct one after two tries on average.<\/p>\n<p>A quantum computer, using the properties of superposition, can find  the correct choice much more quickly. The mathematics behind it are  complicated, but in practical terms, a quantum computer searching  through an unsorted list of four choices will find the correct choice on  the first try, every time.<\/p>\n<p>Though not perfect, Lidar and Wang&rsquo;s computer picked the correct  choice on the first try about 95 percent of the time &mdash; enough to  demonstrate that it operates in a quantum fashion.<\/p>\n<p>The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Army Research Office&rsquo;s  Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative funded the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":10626,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[78,1684,96,93,216],"class_list":["post-10623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty","tag-chemistry","tag-daniel-lidar","tag-natural-sciences","tag-physics","tag-physics-and-astronomy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Quantum Computer Built Inside a Diamond<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/news\/stories\/quantum-computer-built-inside-a-diamond\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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