Vitamin ‘Deserts’ in the Ocean Identified

Using a newly developed analytical technique, a team led by USC Dornsife scientists was the first to identify long-hypothesized vitamin B deficient zones in the ocean.

“This is another twist to what limits life in the ocean,” said Sergio Sañudo-Wilhelmy, professor of biological and earth sciences in USC Dornsife and lead author on a July 23 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) paper about the vitamin-depleted zones, so-called deserts.

B vitamins are organic compounds dissolved in the ocean and are important for living cells to function. Zones poor in B vitamins may inhibit the growth and proliferation of phytoplankton, which are tiny microorganisms at the base of the food chain in the ocean.

“An important result of our study is that the concentrations of the five major B vitamins vary independently and appear to have different sources and sink,” said co-author David Karl, professor of oceanography and director of the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE) at the University of Hawaii. “This could lead to complex interactions among populations of microbes, from symbiosis to intense competition.”

In addition to being food for the tiniest sea animals, phytoplankton also absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, an important process at a time when levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels are the highest they have been in half a million years.

The team developed a new method of concentrating water samples and then analyzing them using a mass spectrometer, which identifies and measures the quantity of an unknown compound in a given sample by first ionizing and breaking up the compound and then quantifying the fragmented ions or molecules produced. As an aside, mass spectrometry is also used to identify steroid use in athletes’ urine samples.

In their PNAS article, the researchers share their technique with colleagues around the world to help advance related research.

Sergio Sañudo-Wilhelmy, professor of biological and earth sciences in USC Dornsife, was lead author on a recent Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) paper about the identification of so-called vitamin deserts in the sea. Photo by Taylor Foust.

“The most important thing is that everyone with the right equipment can do it,” Sañudo-Wilhelmy said.

Next, Sañudo-Wilhelmy plans to investigate what causes varying amounts of B vitamins in different regions of the ocean and will try to determine exactly how that affects phytoplankton blooms. This includes a comprehensive set of experiments in the North Pacific Ocean as part of C-MORE’s ongoing Hawaii Ocean Experiment.

Periodically, phytoplankton experience population explosions known as “blooms.” In the case of certain phytoplankton that produce toxins, these blooms become toxic, such as the so-called red tides. Temperature, sunlight and nutrients in the water all appear to influence these blooms, but the exact causes have yet to be pinned down. One hypothesis is that vitamins B7 and B12 may act as triggers.

“It’s crazy that after 100 years of study, we still don’t fully understand what controls different phytoplankton blooms in the ocean,” Sañudo-Wilhelmy said.

Sañudo-Wilhelmy collaborated on the research with William Berelson, Lynda Cutter, Emily Smail, Laura Gomez-Consarnau, Eric Webb and Maria Prokopenko from USC Dornsife, as well as Karl from the University of Hawaii; and Reginaldo Durazo of the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California en Ensenada, Mexico.

The National Science Foundation (Chemical Oceanography Program and Office of Integrative Activities) supported the research. Additional support was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.