{"id":693,"date":"2017-03-13T19:17:00","date_gmt":"2017-03-13T19:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/armenian\/?p=693"},"modified":"2024-06-11T16:48:56","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T16:48:56","slug":"on-origins-of-geographic-term-karabakh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/armenian\/2017\/03\/13\/on-origins-of-geographic-term-karabakh\/","title":{"rendered":"On Origins of Geographic Term ‘Karabakh’"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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On Origins of Geographic Term ‘Karabakh’<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n \n \n By<\/span>Emil Sanamyan<\/strong>\n \n March 13, 2017<\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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For more than seven centuries the area that Armenian and other sources historically called Artsakh, Aghwank (Ar\u2019an) and Khachen has also been known as Karabakh.<\/p>\n

While in recent years the term has been often translated as \u201cBlack Garden,\u201d there is no academic consensus about that interpretation. According to Moscow-based scholar\u00a0Alexander Akopyan<\/a>, the term \u201cqara\u201d in Turkic languages referred not just to \u201cblack\u201d but also to \u201cmany, rich in\u201d and \u201cKarabakh\u201d therefore should be more accurately translated as \u201crich in gardens.\u201d (Similarly the Russian word\u00a0\u0442\u044c\u043c\u0430<\/em>\u00a0can refer both to \u2018darkness\u2019 and \u2018multitude.\u2019)<\/p>\n

The very first recorded use of the term \u201cQarabagh\u201d comes from Persian scholar Hamdallah Mustawfi al-Qazwini, writing in or about 1340. Akopyan notes that Karabakh originally referred to the lowland areas, but eventually came to cover the highland areas previously known as Khachen (Xach\u2019en) and now as Nagorno Karabakh.<\/p>\n

This is confirmed in other sources.\u00a0Johann Schiltenberger<\/a>, a German-born mercenary for the Ottomans and later for the Turkomans, was the first to report from the area during his travels in about 1420. In his chapter \u201cOf Armenia,\u201d he describes Karabakh (Karawag<\/em>) as a \u201cvery beautiful plain,\u201d located in the valley between the rivers Kura (or\u00a0Chur<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0Cyrus<\/em>) and Araxes.<\/p>\n

Version of the term is also cited by\u00a0Castilian Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo<\/a>, who traveled through the Timur (Tamerlane)-ruled Armenia and Persia in 1404 and referred to\u00a0Carabaqui<\/em>\u00a0as a valley where Tamerlane and his army wintered in months prior.<\/p>\n

\u0422he 15th century author of \u201cThe History of Timur and His Successors\u201d Thovma Metsobetsi is believed to be the first written Armenian source to refer to \u2018Karabakh.\u2019 Earlier Armenian authors, including historian\u00a0Kirakos Gandzaketsi,<\/a>\u00a0made no mention of Karabakh and referred to eastern Armenian provinces, including lowland areas, primarily as Artsakh, Aghwank (Aghuania or Albania) and to the mountainous portion of later Karabakh as Xach\u2019en (Khachen).<\/p>\n

In 1720s, in\u00a0their correspondence\u00a0<\/a>with Russian Tsar Peter the Great, Armenian feudal lords (melik<\/em>s) of Karabakh still referred to their lands primarily as Aghwank, in reference to the name of the Aghwank Catholicosate at Gandzasar, and separate from lowland Karabakh.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

In the 18th century, the term Karabakh extended from Kura river to Meghri and Sisian. Map fragment from runivers.ru<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The Karabakh identity appears to have become more firmly ensconced in the mountainous area since the mid-18th century, with the establishment of the Karabakh Khanate and especially after its political center was moved from Shahbulag in the lowlands to the mountainous fortress of Shushi. Thus in 1786, while what is now known as the South Caucasus was still part of the Persian empire, a group of Armenian settlers founded the village of Karabagli<\/a> in then already Russian-controlled Dagestan.<\/p>\n

Since then both Armenians and Azerbaijanis have adopted Karabakh as the main name for the mountainous region, reflected both in the declarations of local\u00a0Armenian national councils<\/a>\u00a0in 1918-20 and subsequent establishment of the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and the Nagorno Karabakh Republic.<\/p>\n

For centuries, the term Artsakh largely fell out of use until its revival in the 20th century. While more recently Armenian officials and media have emphasized the use of Artsakh over Karabakh, the republic\u2019s Constitution<\/a>\u00a0retains both terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":139,"featured_media":694,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-institute-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOn Origins of Geographic Term 'Karabakh'<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/armenian\/2017\/03\/13\/on-origins-of-geographic-term-karabakh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"On Origins of Geographic Term 'Karabakh' - 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