{"id":428,"date":"2023-07-14T09:57:35","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T16:57:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-usc-dornsife.pantheonsite.io\/alexander-zholkovsky\/?page_id=428"},"modified":"2024-04-08T10:17:33","modified_gmt":"2024-04-08T17:17:33","slug":"oglavlpast","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/alexander-zholkovsky\/oglavlpast\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430: \u0418\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b."},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n\n \n \n
\n\n \n

\u041c.: \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, 2011. \u2014 608 \u0441.*<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0416\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410. \u041a.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u041e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/p>\n

\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.\u00a0\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

\n

I. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430<\/span>\u00a0\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0417\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0443 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

\u042d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/span><\/a>: \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441<\/span>\u0418\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\/\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\/\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430<\/p>\n

\u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430: \u043e<\/p>\n

\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u201c\u0421\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u2014 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438\u201d<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

II. \u0421\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f: \u043a \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438<\/span><\/a>\u0443 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/span>\u201c\u041e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043f\u0438\u044f\u201d: \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u201c\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u201d \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442: \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

\u0418\u043d\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

\u041e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

\u042d\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/p>\n

\u0420\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438-\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0430<\/p>\n

\n

III.<\/span>\u00a0\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0423 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/a>: \u043e\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/span>\u00a0\u201c\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u041c\u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0439, \u0432 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c…\u201d, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n

\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044c\u044f<\/span><\/a>: \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0433\u0430\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u201c\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u201d \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u201c\u0412\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\n

IV. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430: \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435:\u00a0<\/span><\/i>\u201c\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432. 9\u201d \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/span>: \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\/\u041e\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430: \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u201c\u041b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u201d<\/span>\u00a0\u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0421\u0435\u043c\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u201c\u0412\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u041a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u201d, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.\u00a0\u0418\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430<\/span><\/a>: \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a (1974)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/p>\n

\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/p>\n

\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n

\n
\n

* \u0412 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430 \u0441. 331 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 4 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a:<\/p>\n

\u041e\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 1931 — \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1932 \u0433. \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0435 “\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430” \u0437\u0430 1932 \u0433., \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u0420.<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 5 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u041d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e…<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430 \u0441. 488 \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 11 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n

… \u041b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b…<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":355,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-428","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430: \u0418\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b. - Alexander Zholkovsky<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/alexander-zholkovsky\/oglavlpast\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430: \u0418\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b. - 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