Reassessing Shōen: An International Conference
遠藤基郎、東京大学史料編纂所：「古文書が映し出せる東大寺と寺領荘園の関係—特に 大部荘について」
Endô Motoo, “Tôdaiji and Its Shôen: Ôbe Estate in the Documentary Record”
(A copy of the Powerpoint for this presentation in .ppt format can be viewed here.)
東大寺のような比較的大きな組織では、内部組織毎に資料が作成・保管される。大部荘を経営したのは複数の内部組織であった。そして経営主体は変遷があった。したがって、大部荘経営の歴史がより具体的に理解するためには、内部組織毎の資料という関心を払いながら、分析を行うことが重要である。
この報告では、鎌倉初期～室町中期にいたる大部荘の経営主体の変遷を整理する。それぞれの経営時期ごとの文書の特徴を明らかにする。鎌倉初期～中期は、重源・東南院が経営主体。中世東南院文書を含む随心院文書に大部荘の文書が残る。鎌倉後期～南北朝期は、惣寺と東南院との間を数次にわたり経営権が移動する。惣寺経営期の文書は、惣寺文書を母体とする現在の東大寺図書館所蔵文書に数多くある。一方、東南院経営期の文書は、東大寺図書館所蔵文書はほとんどない。それは、中世東南院文書を伝来した真福寺宝生院聖教紙背文書に存在する。南北朝末期からは、惣寺と戒壇院・油倉が分割経営を行う。惣寺は定額年貢納入を請け負う代官を任命した（代官請）。そのために具体的な経営文書は残っていない。一方、戒壇院・油倉は荘園現地にて経営を行っている。そのため土地帳簿、年貢納入帳簿などが残っている。戒壇院・油倉は、惣寺分の知行範囲を含めた大部荘全体の実態を把握していた。実は、惣寺側の代官も、こうした戒壇院・油倉の経営に多くを依存していたと考えられる。これらの文書は、現状では、惣寺伝来文書と混在して、東大寺図書館所蔵文書の中にある。しかし、本来は別々に伝来されたと考えるべきであろう。そうすることで、大部荘の経営の内実もより深く理解できるはずである。
In a large organization such as Tôdaiji, records are generated and stored within each of its internal divisions. Various elements within Todaiji participated in the management of Ôbe estate in a very complex way. Therefore, in order to understand the history of the estate’s management in concrete detail, we must base our analysis on historical materials from each internal division. In this presentation, I will document the management of Ôbe estate from early Kamakura times until the mid- Muromachi age as it shifted from one Tôdaiji internal division to another. I will also examine the characteristics of pertinent documents in each interval.
In the early and middle Kamakura period, Ôbe estate was under the jurisdiction first of Chôgen, the person in charge of rebuilding Tôdaiji after its destruction in 1181, and then it came under the jurisdiction of the Tôdaiji cloister known as Tônan‘in. Documents pertaining to Ôbe estate can be found in the collection Zuishin’in monjo, which includes records from medieval Tônan’in. From late Kamakura times through the period of the North-South Court, however, management rights shifted back and forth between Tônan’in and Tôdaiji as a whole—what might be called “the corporate Tôdaiji.” Many of the documents from the period when the corporate temple assumed control of the estate are now kept in the archives of the Tôdaiji Library, the main storage location for such records. However, there are almost no documents in those archives from the periods of Tônan’in management. Those records can be found instead in the document collection of Shinpukuji Hôshôin in Ôwari province, which had inherited some Tônan’in religious texts. Fortuitously, these texts were inscribed on the reverse side of Ôbe estate documents, and thus the latter were preserved.
From the end of the North-South courts period, corporate Tôdaiji and two of its internal divisions acting together, the Ordination Platform and the Oil Storehouse, shared management duties and prerogatives. The corporate temple appointed a deputy, who managed the estate under a contract for a fixed portion of the rent receipts. For that reason, Tôdaiji itself did not retain any documents pertaining to day-to-day management. The Ordination Platform and Oil Storehouse, however, took charge of actual affairs on the entire estate, including those under the jurisdiction of the corporate temple. In fact, it appears that the deputy of the corporate temple often relied upon Ordination Platform-Oil Storehouse management. The pertinent documents are presently mixed in with documents transmitted from the corporate temple, and they are stored in the Tôdaiji Library archives. However, they were probably originally passed on in separate bundles.
The history of the origins and transmission of Ôbe estate documents can help us gain a deeper understanding of the way the estate was actually managed.